Asteroids

1685 Toro help

Last update: 2026-09-20 13:00 UTC

Orbital Properties

Epoch

61400.0

MJD

Orbit type

Apollo

Perihelion (q)

0.772

Aphelion (Q)

1.964

Eccentricity (e)

0.436

Inclination (i)

9.4

deg

Orbit period (P)

584.3

Earth MOID

0.05082

U parameter

0.0

A₂

-2.5

10^-15au/days²

Next Earth close approach

Date

2032-01-20

Nominal distance (from Earth center)

0.12881

19269043

Maximum Brightness

mag

Risk

Object is not in risk list

Physical Properties

Absolute Magnitude (H)

14.3

mag

Diameter

3750

Taxonomic type

Rotation period (T)

10.20

Discovery Information

Discovery Date

1948-07-17

Observatory

Lick Observatory, Mount Hamilton

ORBIT VISUALISATION TOOLS

External links

Proper elements

Epoch

Near present day

Near middle of observation arc

Orbit properties

Epoch
Semimajor Axis
Eccentricity (e)
Inclination (i)
Long. of Ascending Node (Ω)
Arg. of Perihelion (ω)
Mean Anomaly (M)
Perihelion distance
Aphelion distance
Asc. Node-Earth Sep.
Desc. Node-Earth Sep.
MOID
Orbit Period
U parameter

Value

1-sigma variation

Unit

Epoch

Value

61400.0000

1-sigma variation

Unit

MJD

Semimajor Axis

Value

1.367876

1-sigma variation

7.023E-10

Unit

Eccentricity (e)

Value

0.435946

1-sigma variation

5.243E-9

Unit

Inclination (i)

Value

9.3815

1-sigma variation

1.940E-6

Unit

Long. of Ascending Node (Ω)

Value

274.2082

1-sigma variation

1.024E-5

Unit

Arg. of Perihelion (ω)

Value

127.2663

1-sigma variation

1.015E-5

Unit

Mean Anomaly (M)

Value

329.13057

1-sigma variation

2.414E-6

Unit

Perihelion distance

Value

0.771556

1-sigma variation

Unit

Aphelion distance

Value

1.964195

1-sigma variation

Unit

Asc. Node-Earth Sep.

Value

0.490205

1-sigma variation

Unit

Desc. Node-Earth Sep.

Value

-0.106856

1-sigma variation

Unit

MOID

Value

0.050822

1-sigma variation

Unit

Orbit Period

Value

584.3438

1-sigma variation

Unit

U parameter

Value

0.0

1-sigma variation

Unit

A₂

Value

-2.50244

1-sigma variation

0.67956

Unit

10^-15au/days²

Covariance Matrix

	a	e	i	Ω	ω	M	A₂
a	4.93280E-19	2.06812E-18	-4.40487E-17	-1.57162E-15	1.58289E-15	-1.33602E-15	4.57962E-10
e	2.06812E-18	2.74929E-17	3.79032E-16	-2.86385E-14	3.32565E-14	-8.68801E-15	2.19071E-9
i	-4.40487E-17	3.79032E-16	3.76363E-12	8.77459E-12	-9.19831E-12	3.09308E-13	-9.58399E-9
Ω	-1.57162E-15	-2.86385E-14	8.77459E-12	1.04756E-10	-1.01129E-10	1.36829E-12	-1.69481E-6
ω	1.58289E-15	3.32565E-14	-9.19831E-12	-1.01129E-10	1.03088E-10	-4.84923E-12	1.98502E-6
M	-1.33602E-15	-8.68801E-15	3.09308E-13	1.36829E-12	-4.84923E-12	5.82705E-12	-1.38995E-6
A₂	4.57962E-10	2.19071E-9	-9.58399E-9	-1.69481E-6	1.98502E-6	-1.38995E-6	4.61804E-1

Date of computation: 2026-09-20 13:00 UTC

Note: The ASCII file is in a format suitable for Orbfit input.

Download ASCII file:

Physical properties

Rotation Period
Quality
Amplitude
Rotation Direction
Spinvector L
Spinvector B

Rotational properties

Value

Unit

Source

Rotation Period

Value

10.20

Unit

Source

[7]

Quality

Value

Unit

Source

[7]

Amplitude

Value

0.6-1.4

Unit

mag

Source

[7]

Rotation Direction

Value

PRO

Unit

Source

[1]

Spinvector L

Value

200

Unit

Source

[1]

Spinvector B

Value

Unit

Source

[1]

Taxonomy
Taxonomy (all)

Taxonomy

Value

Unit

Source

Taxonomy

Value

Unit

Source

[2]

[3]

[4]

Taxonomy (all)

Value

S,Sq

Unit

Source

[5]

[6]

Absolute Magnitude (H)
Slope Parameter (G)

H / G

Value

Unit

Source

Absolute Magnitude (H)

Value

13.96

14.304

Unit

mag

Source

[8]

[9]

Slope Parameter (G)

Value

0.034

0.15**

Unit

Source

[8]

[9]

Albedo
Diameter

Size and albedo

Value

Unit

Source

Albedo

Value

0.26

Unit

Source

[11]

Diameter

Value

3750

Unit

Source

[10]

Color Index Information

Color Index Information

Value

Unit

Source

Color Index Information

Value

0.4291
0.5858
0.38
0.5311
0.936
0.1684
-0.102
0.2729
0.489
0.47

Unit

g-r

g-i

R-I

g-z

B-V

r-z

i-z

r-i

V-R

U-B

Source

[2]

[12]

[2]

[12]

[2]

[12]

[8]

Sightings

Sightings

Value

Unit

Source

Sightings

Value

Visual S

Radar R

Unit

Source

[13]

[14]

Download this part as:

Sources

No.	Name	Additional
[1]	EARN	1.) Dunlap, J.L. et al. (1973) Astron. J. 78, 491-501. (Minor planets and related objects. IX. Photometry and polarimetry of (1685) Toro)
[2]	EARN	1.) A. V. Sergeyev, B. Carry et al A&A, 658 (2022) A109
[3]	EARN	1.) Michaël Marsset et al 2022 AJ 163 165
[4]	EARN	1.) DeMeo, F.E. et al. (2014) Icarus 227, 112-122. (Mars encounters cause fresh surfaces on some near-Earth asteroids) (contains taxonomic classification of 249 NEAs)
[5]	EARN	Earth Asteroids Research Node: https://earn.dlr.de
[6]	EARN	1.) Tholen, D.J. (1989) in "Asteroids II" (Eds. R.P.Binzel et al.), Univ.Ariz.Press, Tucson, USA, pp. 1139-1150. 2.) Bus, S.J. & Binzel, R.P. (2002) Icarus 158,106-145. (Phase II of the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectrographic Survey: A Feature-Based Taxonomy.) 3.) Binzel, R.P. et al. (2004) Planetary & Space Science 52, 291-296. (Spetral observations for near-Earth objects..(1685,1943,4660)) 4.) Stuart, S.S. & R.P. Binzel (2004) Icarus 170, 295-311. (Bias-corrected population, size distribution, and impact hazard for near-Earth objects) 5.) Fornasier, S. et al. (2006) Astron. Astrophys. 455, 371-377. (Polarimetric survey of asteroids with the Asiago telescope) (..1627,3200,..) 6.) Thomas, C.A. et al. (2014) Icarus 228, 217-246. (Physical characterization of Warm Spitzer-observed near-Earth objects) 7.) DeMeo, F.E. et al. (2014) Icarus 227, 112-122. (Mars encounters cause fresh surfaces on some near-Earth asteroids) (contains taxonomic classification of 249 NEAs)
[7]	EARN	1.) Dunlap, J.L. et al. (1973) Astron. J. 78, 491-501. (Minor planets and related objects. IX. Photometry and polarimetry of (1685) Toro) 2.) Hoffmann, M. & E.H. Geyer (1990) Acta Astronomica 40, 389-396. (Photometric observations of three near-earth asteroids) (1627) (3908) (1685) 3.) Kiselev, N.N. et al. (1990) Kinemat. Fis. Nebesn. Tel. 6, p. 77-82. (Polarimetry of the asteroid 1685 Toro) 4.) De Angelis, G. (1995) Planet. Space Sci. 43, 649-682. (Asteroid spin, pole and shape determinations) (..,1566, 1686,1862,..) 5.) Harris, A.W. (DLR) (1998) Icarus 131, 291-301. (A Thermal Model for Near-Earth Asteroids) 6.) Krugly, Yu. N. et al. (2006) IAU Symp. 236, 385-390. (Kharkiv study of near-Earth asteroids) (1036,1627,1685, 1862,1980,3103,3200,4179,6611,8567,11405,13553,23187,54509, 66251,100085,1999LF6,2004XP14,2005AB,2006CV69,2006BQ6) 7.) Higgins D. (2008) MPB 35, 30-32. (ASTERIOD LIGHTCURVE ANALYSIS AT HUNTERS HILL OBSERVATORY AND COLLABORATING STATIONS: APRIL 2007 - JUNE 2007) (..,1685,1862,..) 8.) Higgins, D. (2011) MPB 38, 41-46. (PERIOD DETERMINATION OF ASTEROID TARGETS OBSERVED AT HUNTERS HILL OBSERVATORY: MAY 2009 - SEPTEMBER 2010) (..,1685,..,66146,) 9.) Oey, J. (2011) MPB 38, 221-223. (LIGHTCURVE ANALYSIS OF ASTEROIDS FROM LEURA AND KINGSGROVE OBSERVATORY FOR THE SECOND HALF OF 2009 AND 2010) (..,1685,..,2001FE90) 10.) Warner, B,D. (2013) MPB 40, 26-29. (ASTEROID LIGHTCURVE ANALYSIS AT THE PALMER DIVIDE OBSERVATORY: 2012 JUNE - SEPTEMBER) (..,1685,..) 11.) Warner, B.D. (2016) MPB 43, 240-250. (NEAR-EARTH ASTEROID LIGHTCURVE ANALYSIS AT CS3-PALMER DIVIDE STATION: 2016 JANUARY-APRIL)(38NEAs)
[8]	EARN	1.) Tedesco, E.F. (1989) in "Asteroids II" (Eds. R.P.Binzel et al.), Univ.Ariz.Press, Tucson, USA, pp. 1090-1138.
[9]	ESA Aegis	ESA orbit determination and impact monitoring system
[10]	EARN	1.) Mainzer, A. et al. (2011) ApJ 743, 156. (NEOWISE Observations of Near-Earth Objects: Preliminary Results) (albedo and diameters of 428 NEOs) 2.) Ostro, S.J. et al. (1983) Astron. J. 88, 565-576. (Radar observations of asteroid 1685 Toro) 3.) Goldstein, R.M. et al. (1973) Astron. J. 78, 508-509. (Minor planets and related objects. XII Radar observations of (1685) Toro) 4.) Veeder, G.J. et al. (1989) Astron. J. 97, 1211-1219. (Radiometry of near-earth asteroids)
[11]	EARN	1.) Mainzer, A. et al. (2011) ApJ 743, 156. (NEOWISE Observations of Near-Earth Objects: Preliminary Results) (albedo and diameters of 428 NEOs) 2.) Masiero, J.R. et al. (2012) Astrophys. J. 749, 104. (A REVISED ASTEROID POLARIZATION-ALBEDO RELATIONSHIP USING WISE/NEOWISE DATA) (887,1036,1627,1685) 3.) Thomas, C.A. et al. (2011) Astron. J. 142, 85. (ExploreNEOs. V. AVERAGE ALBEDO BY TAXONOMIC COMPLEX IN THE NEAR-EARTH ASTEROID POPULATION) (new albedos data for 118 NEOs) 4.) Kiselev, N.N. et al. (1990) Kinemat. Fis. Nebesn. Tel. 6, p. 77-82. (Polarimetry of the asteroid 1685 Toro) 5.) Nugent, C.R. et al. (2016) Astron. J. 152_63 (12pp) (NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year Two: Asteroid Diameters and Albedos) (207 NEOs) 6.) Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; et al. (2011) Astrophys. J. 741, A90. See also Grav 2012b and Masiero 2012.
[12]	EARN	1.) Lin, C-H. et al. (2018) P&SS 152, 116-135. (Photometric survey and taxonomic identifications of 92 near-Earth asteroids)
[13]	EARN	1.) Binzel, R.P. et al. (2004) Planetary & Space Science 52, 291-296. (Spetral observations for near-Earth objects..(1685,1943,4660)) 2.) Fevig. R.A. and U. Fink (2007) Icarus 188, 175-188. (Spectral observations of 19 weathered and 23 fresh NEAs and their correlations with orbital parameters)(433,1036, 1627,1685,1862,1866,1943,1980,3103,3122,3199,3671,4183,4341, 4954,5587,5751,5836,6037,7358,7482,7753,7822,7977,8201, 10563,11066,13651,13651,19356,20236,20255,35107,85490, J97GD32,J97UH9,J97US9,J98HE3,J98HT31,J98ME3,J98MS2,K04LC2)
[14]	EARN	1.) Ostro, S.J. et al. (1983) Astron. J. 88, 565-576. (Radar observations of asteroid 1685 Toro) 2.) Goldstein, R.M. et al. (1973) Astron. J. 78, 508-509. (Minor planets and related objects. XII Radar observations of (1685) Toro) 3.) Ostro, S.J. et al. (1991) Astron. J. 102, 1490-1502. (Asteroid radar astrometry) 4.) Goldstein, R. M., (1968) Science 162, 903-904. (Radar observations of Icarus.)

Observational Information

Arc Length
Unobserved
Normalized RMS of residuals

Arc Information

Value

Unit

Source

Arc Length

Value

28553

Unit

Source

[1]

Unobserved

Value

Unit

Source

[1]

Normalized RMS of residuals

Value

0.343905

Unit

Source

[1]

Astrometry Summary

First Observation
Last Observation
Total Optical Observations (Discarded)

Optical

Value

Unit

Source

First Observation

Value

1948-07-17.37721

Unit

Source

[2]

Last Observation

Value

2026-09-19.038341

Unit

Source

[2]

Total Optical Observations (Discarded)

Value

5876 (33)

Unit

Source

[1]

Radar Summary

First Observation
Last Observation
Delay (Discarded)
Doppler (Discarded)
Total Optical Observations (Discarded)

Radar

Value

Unit

Source

First Observation

Value

1980-07-22

Unit

Source

[3]

Last Observation

Value

2016-01-22

Unit

Source

[3]

Delay (Discarded)

Value

7 (0)

Unit

Source

[1]

Doppler (Discarded)

Value

2 (0)

Unit

Source

[1]

Total Radar Observations (Discarded)

Value

9 (0)

Unit

Source

[1]

Note: The ASCII file is in a format suitable for Orbfit input.

Sources

No.	Name	Additional
[1]	ESA Aegis	ESA orbit determination and impact monitoring system
[2]	MPC	Minor Planet Center: https://www.minorplanetcenter.net
[3]	JPL Radar Observations	Jet Propulsion Laboratory: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/dat/radar_data_ast.txt

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Max residual (arcsec):

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Computation parameters

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Initial Date: *

Final Date: *

Output option:

One line per time step

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Note: Ephemerides requests are limited to a maximum of 1000 points and a final date not exceeding 2040/12/31 00:00.

Close Approaches for 1685 Toro from 1950 to 2126

Body	Date in UTC	Time uncert. in min	Nominal distance in au	Min. possible distance in au	Distance uncert. in au
EARTH	1956-08-09 20:35	< 1 s	0.1243789	0.1243788	0.0000000
EARTH	1964-08-09 09:15	< 1 s	0.1270804	0.1270802	0.0000000
EARTH	1972-08-08 07:29	< 1 s	0.1354996	0.1354995	0.0000000
EARTH	1980-08-06 12:33	< 1 s	0.1538744	0.1538744	0.0000000
EARTH	1988-08-04 11:40	< 1 s	0.1825687	0.1825686	0.0000000
EARTH	2008-01-24 16:02	< 1 s	0.1963413	0.1963412	0.0000000
EARTH	2016-01-22 07:05	< 1 s	0.1565500	0.1565500	0.0000000
EARTH	2024-01-20 20:45	< 1 s	0.1330629	0.1330628	0.0000000
EARTH	2032-01-20 14:43	< 1 s	0.1288056	0.1288054	0.0000001
EARTH	2040-01-21 07:01	< 1 s	0.1383545	0.1383542	0.0000001
EARTH	2048-01-23 02:53	< 1 s	0.1653526	0.1653522	0.0000001
EARTH	2076-08-05 03:06	< 1 s	0.1898204	0.1898201	0.0000001
EARTH	2084-08-06 10:10	< 1 s	0.1731468	0.1731465	0.0000001
EARTH	2092-08-06 19:21	< 1 s	0.1691694	0.1691692	0.0000001
EARTH	2100-08-07 07:25	< 1 s	0.1762268	0.1762266	0.0000001
EARTH	2108-08-06 00:24	< 1 s	0.1977211	0.1977209	0.0000001

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Stationary Points

Ecc. an. ast.	Ecc. an. Earth	Distance in au	Classification
47.07351164	7.77410114	0.05082166	MINIMUM
303.50637626	217.46288639	0.12350307	MINIMUM
351.70863209	286.73842954	0.25349551	SADDLE
177.59590260	116.96089373	0.97538325	SADDLE
356.95482218	115.09430405	1.77385198	SADDLE
179.67863973	298.28286278	2.95006731	MAXIMUM

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MOID Plots

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