ESA - European Space Agency

NEAR EARTH ASTEROIDS (NEAs)

A CHRONOLOGY OF MILESTONES 1800 - 2200

Courtesy of Karel A. van der Hucht

version 78.0 – 01 April 2018

The NEO Chronology is regularly updated (no claim on completeness). For the meaning of the technical terms used, see here

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NEAR EARTH OBJECTS – MILE STONES

Introduction

An asteroid is coined a Near Earth Asteroid (NEA) when its trajectory brings it within 1.3 AU from the Sun. A NEA is said to be a Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) when its orbit comes to within 0.05 AU (= 19.5 LD = 7.5 million km) of the Earth's orbit and has a measured absolute magnitude H < 22 mag (i.e., an estimated diameter D > 140 m).

As of 1 April 2018, 17932 NEAs are known, including 8100 NEAs with D > 140, and 888 NEAs with D > 1 km (estimated population: 921 ± 20). Of those large NEAs, 156 are PHAs.

The NEA chronology lists

(a) data of known NEAs with past nominal Earth close approach distances d ≤ 1.00 LD;

(b) data of known NEAs with future nominal Earth close approach distances d ≤ 10.00 LD

and minimum close approach distances d ≤ 1.00 LD;

d ≤ 5.00 LD;

(d) scientific literature, conferences and other milestones of NEA research.

The NEA Chronology is updated monthly and can be downloaded as pdf file.

Information on categories (a) and (b) is quoted from both the ESA NEO Coordination Centre Close Approach Tables and the NASA JPL CNEOS Close Approach Tables for the period 1900 – 2200 A.D., as of 1 April 2018.

By listing in chronological order this broad selection of milestones of NEA research, a global impression is offered of what has been done and has happened, and what is being done and will happen in those fields, as far as presently known.

As of 1 April 2018, the NEA Chronology lists 3688 entries of known past events registered since AD 1800, including 420 close approaches of NEAs ranging in size from 1 to 325 m with nominal Earth close approach distances d ≤ 1.00 LD (54 in 2017, to date 24 in 2018), 22 of which with d ≤ 0.10 LD. Moreover, four impacts have been recorded: in 1908, 2008, 2013, and 2014.

As of 1 April 2018, the NEA Chronology lists 321 entries of known future events predicted up to AD 2200, of which 173 predicted close approaches of NEAs with nominal Earth close approach distances d ≤ 10.00 LD and minimum close approach distances d ≤ 1.00 LD (i.e., about one per year), including 34 predicted close approaches of NEAs with nominal Earth close approach distances d ≤ 1.00 LD, three of which with d ≤ 0.10 LD.

Sources

https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/

https://www.nasa.gov/planetarydefense/overview

http://neo.ssa.esa.int/neo-home

http://neo.ssa.esa.int/close-approaches

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html

A.W. Harris, G. D’Abramo, 2015, Icarus, 257, 302, "The population of near-Earth asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Icar..257..302H

A.W. Harris, 2017, AAS DPS meeting #49, id.#100.01, "The population of Near-Earth Asteroids revisited."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DPS....4910001H

A.W. Harris, More Data!, 2017, Phys.Org News, 19 October 2017, "Number of undiscovered near-Earth asteroids revised downward."

See: https://phys.org/news/2017-10-undiscovered-near-earth-asteroids-downward.html

Colour coding

red bold italics spacecraft

green bold asteroid, meteorite, impact site

blue bold NEA related institute, observatory, organization, program

blue bold italics NEA related conference, workshop, seminar, meeting

purple bold Potentially Hazardous Asteroid

* * *

NEA CHRONOLOGY 1800 - 2200

1801, Jan 1

First and largest asteroid discovered, 1 Ceres (H = 3.34 mag, D = 975 km, main-belt asteroid), by Giuseppe Piazzi (1746 – 1826, Italy) at the Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo. Asteroid Cerere Ferdinandea was named in honour of King Ferdinand IV of Sicily, and later became known simply as Ceres. Carl Gauss developed the math to determine an accurate orbit for Ceres and published his results in November 1801. Given the definition of planets and dwarfplanets accepted by the IAU XXVI General Assembly in 2006, Ceres is considered a dwarf planet rather than an asteroid.

See: Ceres - JPL , 1 Ceres - SSA

Ref:

- G. Piazzi, 1802, Della scoperta del nuovo planeta Cerere Ferdinandea (Palermo: Nella Stamperia Reale).

See: https://archive.org/details/DellaScopertaDelNuovoPianetaCerereFerdinandea

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)

More recently:

Since 6 March 2015, NASA spacecraft Dawn is in orbit around Ceres. See:

http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4503

http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4540

1803, 26 Apr

L'Aigle Meteorite. In the early afternoon of 26 April 1803 a meteorite shower of more than 3000 fragments fell upon the town of L'Aigle (Normandy, France).

See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Aigle_(meteorite)

1807, Dec 14

Weston Meteorite. At 6:30 hr on the morning of 14 December 1807, a blazing fireball about two-thirds the size of the Moon was seen traveling southwards by early risers in Vermont and Massachusetts (USA). Three loud explosions were heard over the town of Weston in Fairfield County, Connecticut. Stone fragments fell in at least 6 places.

See:

http://peabody.yale.edu/collections/meteorites-and-planetary-science/weston-meteorite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_meteorite

1840, Jun 12

Uden Meteorite (Netherlands). A 0.6 kg meteorite was found. See:

http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00015500.pdf http://www.sterrenkunde.nl/index/encyclopedie/meteoren.html

1843, Jun 2

Blauwkapel Meteorite (Netherlands). Two pieces were found, of 2.7 and 7 kg. See: http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00015500.pdf http://www.sterrenkunde.nl/index/encyclopedie/meteoren.html

1859, Nov 15

New York City Fireball and Airburst (USA).

See:

http://www.meteoritehistory.info/AJS/S2VIEWS/V30P186.HTM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts

1860, Jul 20

The Meteor Procession of 20 July 1860, visible from the Great Lakes to New York State (USA), continuing out over the Atlantic Ocean.

Ref:

- Walt Whitman, 1859-1860, in Leaves of Grass, "Year of Meteors.";

- A.G. Pope, 5-1-2010, Astronomical dating of Edvard Munch's summer sky paintings, University Honors Program, Texas State University;

- R. Sinnott, 2010, Sky & Telescope, 7 June 2010, "Walt Whitman's "Meteor-Procession"."

See: http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/newsblog/95765719.html

- D.W. Olson, R.L Doescher, M.S. Olson, A.G. Pope, 2010, Sky & Telescope, 120, No.1, July 2010, p. 28, "Walt Whitman's "Year of Meteors"."

See: http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/newsblog/95765719.html

http://philosophyofscienceportal.blogspot.com/2010/06/walt-whitman-wrote-about-strange-huge.html http://www.txstate.edu/news/news_releases/news_archive/2010/06/YearOfMeteors060110.html

http://www.newscientist.com/gallery/whitman-mystery-solved/3 http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/culturelab/2010/06/the-forensic-astronomer-donald-olson.html http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2010/06/02/4448882-150-year-old-meteor-mystery-solved

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100722.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-grazing_fireball

1864, May 14

Orgueil Meteorite rain over Orgueil (Southern France). Some 20 stones fell over an area of several square kilometers, with a total weight of 14 kg.

Ref:

- M. Gounelle, P. Spurný, P.A. Bland, 2006, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 41, 135, "The orbit and atmospheric trajectory of the Orgueil meteorite from historical records."

See: http://www.springerlink.com/content/m470723364612j6x/

1868, July 11

Main-belt asteroid 100 Hekate (H = 7.66 mag, D = 123 km) discovered by James C. Watson (1838 – 1880) at Ann Arbor (MI, USA). 100^th numbered asteroid in the data base of the IAU Minor Planet Center, Cincinnati Observatory (Ohio, USA).

See: 100 Hekate - JPL , 100 Hekate - SSA

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Hekate

1873, Oct 27

Diepenveen Meteorite Fall, Diepenveen (the Netherlands).

See: http://www.naturalis.nl/en/news/collectie-2/new-dutch-meteorite-fell-1873/

1890, May 2

Forest City Meteorite Fall, Forest City (Iowa, USA), 2 May 1890. Ref:

- H.H. Nininger, 1942, Popular Astronomy, 50, 111, "A celestial bomb."

See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_falls

1891, Dec 22

First photographic discovery of an asteroid, 323 Brucia (H = 9.53 mag, D = 35.8 km), by Maximilian F.J.C. Wolf (1863 – 1932) at the Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl (Heidelberg, Germany).

See: Brucia - JPL , Brucia - SSA

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/323_Brucia

1893

G.K. Gilbert (1893) suggested impacts as most likely process for forming lunar craters.

Ref:

- G.K. Gilbert, 1893, Bulletin of the Philosophical Society of Washington, 12, 241, "The Moon’s face: a study of the origin of its features."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1893QB591.G46......

1896, Feb 2

Great Madrid Meteor Event.

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1896PASP....8...86C http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteor

1898, Aug 13

First discovery of a NEA: asteroid 433 Eros (1898 DQ, H = 10.3 mag, D = 34.4 × 11.2 × 11.2 km, orbital P = 1.76 yr, Amor asteroid), by Carl Gustav Witt (1866 – 1948) at the Urania Sternwarte Berlin (Germany), and independently by Auguste Charlois (1864 – 1910) at the Observatoire de Nice (France). Second-largest NEA known. Its perihelion distance of 1.133 AU brings it with 0.15 AU of the orbit of the Earth.

See: 1898 DQ - JPL , 433 Eros - SSA

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/433_Eros

Ref:

- P. Michel, P. Farinella, Ch. Froeschlé, 1996, Nature, 380, 689, "The orbital evolution of the asteroid Eros and implications for collision with the Earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Natur.380..689M

See also: 23 Jan 1975, 31 Jan 2012.

1899, Mar 12

Helsinki Fireball and Airburst (Finland).

See:

http://www.somerikko.net/collection/meteorites.php?id=374 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts

1900, Jan 1

1 NEA known.

See: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/

1900, Jan 29

Asteroid 4660 Nereus (1982 DB, H = 18.3 mag, D ≈ 510 x 330 240 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal distance of 8.09 LD. Minimum distance 8.08 LD.

See: 1982 DB - JPL , 4660 Nereus - SSA

Ref:

- M. Brozovic, S.J. Ostro, L.A.M. Benner, et al., 2009, Icarus, 201, 153, "Radar observations and a physical model of asteroid 4660 Nereus, a prime space mission target."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Icar..201..153B

- K. Kitazato, S. Abe, M. Ishiguro, et al., October 2012, American Astronomical Society, DPS meeting #44, #210.20, "Measuring the YORP effect of asteroid 4660 Nereus." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012DPS....4421020K

See also: 22 Jan 2002, 11 Dec 2021, 14 Feb 2060, 4 Feb 2071, 23 Dec 2112, and 4 Feb 2166.

1900, Jul 24

Asteroid 2007 HE15 (H = 19.6 mag, D ≈ 506 m, PHA), passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.98 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.96 LD.

See: 2007 HE15 - JPL , 2007 HE15 - SSA

1901, Jun 7

Asteroid 2014 HQ124 (H = 18.9 mag, D ≈ 370 m, PHA), passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 5.95 LD. Minimum miss distance 5.90 LD.

See: 2014 HQ124 - JPL , 2014 HQ124 - SSA

See also: 7 Jun 1952, 8 Jun 2014, 8 Jun 2065.

1901, Aug 14

Asteroid 2011 DS (H = 26.9 mag, D ≈ 17 m), passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 7.94 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.75 LD.

See: 2011 DS - JPL , 2011 DS - SSA

1904, Oct 29

Asteroid 260141 (2004 QT24 (H = 18.3 mag, D ≈ 931 m, PHA), passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.30 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.29 LD.

See: 2004 QT24 - JPL , 2004 QT24 - SSA

1905

C. Flammarion, 1905, L'Astronomie, 19, 309, "Si quelque jour la vertu disparaissait de la Terre, il serait convenable de la retrouver au ciel."

See: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96408857

1905, Jun 27

Asteroid 25143 Itokawa (1998 SF36, H = 19.5 mag, D = 520 × 270 × 230 m, M = 3.6 × 10¹⁰ kg, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.50 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.50 LD.

See: 1998 SF36 - JPL , 25143 Itokawa - SSA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99942_Apophis

See also: 14 Apr 1949, 14 Apr 1998, 13 Apr 2029, 23 Mar 2036.

1907, Dec 26

Asteroid 2010 XC15 (H = 21.4 mag, D ≈ 222 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.61 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.74 LD.

See: 2010 XC15 - JPL , 2010 XC15 - SSA

See also:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_XC15

https://sputniknews.com/analysis/20080626112250936/

https://sputniknews.com/science/201701181049718416-tunguska-event-lake-cheko/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunguska_event

1908, Dec 16

Asteroid 33342 (1998 WT24, H = 17.8 mag, D ≈ 415 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.54 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.54 LD.

See: 1998 WT24 - JPL , 1998 WT24 - SSA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(33342)_1998_WT24

See also: 16 Dec 1956, 16 Dec 2001, 11 Dec 2015, 18 Dec 2099.

1909, Aug 28

Asteroid 2016 QA2, H = 25.9 mag, D ≈ 27 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 5.83 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.27 LD.

See: 2016 QA2- JPL , 2016 QA2 - SSA

1910, Jan 1

1 NEA known.

See: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/

1910

Minor planet astronomy became organized in a formal way at the Rechen-Institut in Berlin-Dahlem (Germany), director Fritz Cohn (1878 – 1940).

Ref:

- G. Stracke, 1935, Astronomische Nachrichten, 255, 189, "25 Jahre genäherte Bearbeitung der Bahnen der Kleinen Planeten im Astronomischen Rechen-Institut." Predecessor of the MPC.

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935AN....255..189S

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003IAUC.8227....2M

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69230_Hermes

See also: 30 Oct 1937, 26 Apr 1942, 1 Nov 1954, 31 Oct 2086, 30 Apr 2123.

1914, Dec 18

Asteroid 2017 YE (H = 28.5 mag, D ≈ 8 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 5.57 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.34 LD.

See: 2017 YE - JPL , 2017 YE - SSA

1914, Dec 31

Asteroid 152680 (1998 KJ9, H = 19.4 mag, D ≈ 554 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.61 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.60 LD.

See: 1998 KJ9 - JPL , 152680 1998 KJ9 - SSA

1915, Sep 10

Asteroid 2010 RF12 (H = 28.4 mag, D ≈ 9 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.22 LD. Minimum miss distance 1.10 LD.

See: 2010 RF12 - JPL , 2010 RF12 - SSA

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_RF12

See also: 19 Aug 2004, 16 Feb 2012, 15 Feb 2013, 15 Feb 2046, 15 Feb 2087.

1918, Sep 17

Asteroid 458732 (2011 MD5, H = 17.9 mag, D ≈ 1074 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.91 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.91 LD.

See: 2011 MD5 - JPL , 2011 MD5 - SSA

1919, Nov 26

Michigan - Indiana Fireball and Airburst (USA).

See:

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026749/1919-11-27/ed-1/seq-1/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts

1919, Dec 21

Asteroid 2015 JQ1 (H = 20.3 mag, D ≈ 371 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.94 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.28 LD.

See: 2015 JQ1 - JPL , 2015 JQ1 - SSA

1920, Jan 1

3 NEAs known, of which 0 PHAs.

See: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/

1920, Jun 20

Asteroid 2017 MF (H = 26.5 mag, D ≈ 21 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.17 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.32 LD.

See: 2017 MF - SSA , 2017 MF - JPL

Ref:

- B. Asplind, 1926, Astronomische Nachrichten, 228, 89, "Benennung der Planeten 1000 – 1002."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1926AN....228...89A

1923, Nov 24

Asteroid 2017 WE28 (H = 268 mag, D ≈ 19 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 5.40 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.53 LD.

See: 2017 WE28 - SSA , 2017 WE28 - JPL

1924, Sep 27

Asteroid 2003 SR84 (H = 25.4 mag, D ≈ 34 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.68 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.10 LD.

See: 2003 SR84 - JPL , 2003 SR84 - SSA

1924, Oct 23

Discovery of near-Earth asteroid 1036 Ganymed (1924 TD, H = 9.45, D = 36.5 km, orbital P = 4.34 yr), by W.H. Walter Baade at Hamburg-Bergedorf Observatory (Germany). Largest known NEA. In 1998, Arecibo radar images revealed a near spherical object.

See:

1924 TD - JPL , 1036 Ganymed - SSA

Ref:

- G. Hahn, P. Magnusson, A.W. Harris, et al., 1989, Icarus, 78, 363, "Physical studies of Apollo-Amor asteroids - UBVRI photometry of 1036 Ganymed and 1627 Ivar."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Icar...78..363H

- P. Michel, R. Gonczi, P. Farinella, Ch. Froeschlé, 1999, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 347, 711, "Dynamical evolution of 1036 Ganymed, the largest near-Earth asteroid."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999A%26A...347..711M

- S.K. Fieber-Beyer, M.J. Gaffey, P.A. Abell, 2011, Icarus, 212, 149, "Mineralogical characterization of Near Earth Asteroid (1036) Ganymed.

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Icar..212..149F

1925, Mar 29

Asteroid 2012 FT35 (H = 29.3 mag, D ≈ 6 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.10 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.09 LD.

See: 2012 FT35 - JPL , 2012 FT35 - SSA

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_RX30

Ref:

- M. Davidson, 1932, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc., 92, 691, "The Reinmuth object."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932MNRAS..92..691D

- L.A. Lebofsky, G.J. Veeder, G.H. Rieke, et al., 1981, Icarus, 48, 335, "The albedo and diameter of 1862 Apollo."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Icar...48..335L

1932, Oct 21

Asteroid 2012 CU (H = 26.0 mag, D ≈ 27 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.09 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.73 LD.

See: 2012 CU - JPL , 2012 CU - SSA

1932, Dec

In December 1932, scientists surveying the southern Egyptian desert came upon pieces of a translucent, pale yellow-green, glassy substance, from tiny fragments to football-sized chunks, scattered over a huge area at the Libyan border. Known as Libyan desert glass, this almost pure silica contained isotopes showing it to be of extraterrestrial origin. Further reading: see 3 March 2006.

See:

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/311/5765/1223c

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_desert_glass

1932, Dec 8

Arroyomolinos de León Fireball and Airburst (Spain).

See:

http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/1368.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts

1932, Dec 29

Asteroid 2012 XE133 (H = 23.4 mag, D ≈ 88 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 5.51 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.9985 LD.

See: 2012 XE133 - JPL , 2012 XE133 - SSA

1933, Jan 17

Asteroid 7482 (1994 PC1, H = 16.5 mag, D ≈ 1300 m, PHA) passed Earth at 2.93 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.93 LD.

See: 1994 PC1 -JPL , 7482 1994 PC1 - SSA

See: 4 Jan 1989.

1934, May 3

Asteroid 2011 JV10 (H = 29.7 mag, D ≈ 5 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.53 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.31 LD.

See: 2011 JV10 - JPL , 2011 JV10 - SSA

1934, Sep 22

Asteroid 2013 RG74 (H = 23.4 mag, D ≈ 90 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 7.58 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.84 LD.

See: 2013 RG74 - JPL , 2013 RG74 - SSA

1935, Feb 8

Asteroid 2018 CN2 (H = 27.7 mag, D ≈ 12 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 6.94 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.77 LD.

See: 2018 CN2 - SSA , 2018 CN2 - JPL ,

http://iawn.net/2018/02/10/asteroid-2018-cn2-close-approach/

1936, Apr 16

Asteroid 2015 GA1 (H = 26.6 mag, D ≈ 20 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.25 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.44 LD.

See: 2015 GA1 - JPL , 2015 GA1 - SSA

1937

F.G. Watson, H. Shapley, 1937, Annals of the Astronomical Observatory of Harvard College, 105, no. 32, The Observatory, p. 623.

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1937AnHar.105..623W

1937, May 11

Asteroid 2006 JY26 (H = 28.4 mag, D ≈ 9 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 30.5 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.2 LD.

See: 2006 JY26 - JPL , 2006 JY26 - SSA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_JY26

Ref:

- R. Brasser, P. Wiegert, 2008, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 386, 2931, "Asteroids on Earth-like orbits and their origin."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.386.2031B

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_JY26

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69230_Hermes

See also: 29 Oct 1914, 26 Apr 1942, 1 Nov 1954, 31 Oct 2086, 30 Apr 2123.

1938, Jan 09

Asteroid 332446 (2008 AF4, H = 19.7 mag, D ≈ 493 m, PHA) passed Earth at 2.19 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.18 LD.

See: 2008 AF4 - JPL , 2008 AF4 - SSA

1938, Mar 11

Asteroid 2013 FA8 (H = 21.0 mag, D ≈ 270 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.05 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.90 LD.

See: 2013 FA8 - JPL , 2013 FA8 - SSA

1938, Mar 13

Asteroid 2012 DW60 (H = 26.5 mag, D ≈ 21 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.75 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.89 LD.

See: 2012 DW60 - JPL , 2012 DW60 - SSA

1938, Jun 1

Asteroid 2017 KW31 (H = 26.5 mag, D ≈ 21 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 8.54 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.52 LD.

See: 2017 KW31 - JPL , 2017 KW31 - SSA

1938, Jun 24

Chicora meteoroid. A meteoroid exploded as it entered the atmosphere above Chicora (PA, USA) on June 24, 1938. Based on the size of the explosion, the rock's initial mass (before it broke up) may have been more than 450 tons. However, only scant pieces of the meteorite were ever found – located miles away from where the main mass, missing to this day, is thought to have landed. Several reports on the Chicora meteorite mention that an unsuspecting cow was struck and injured by one falling shard; other accounts say that the poor animal was killed.

See:

http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/1535-when-space-attacks-6-craziest-meteor-impacts-history.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicora,_Pennsylvania#Chicora_Meteor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts

1938, Nov 2

Asteroid 2016 VA (H = 27.2 mag, D ≈ 15 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.73 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.42 LD.

See: 2016 VA - SSA , 2016 VA - JPL ,

http://iawn.net/?s=2016+VA+

See also: 2 Nov 2016, 1 Nov 2024.

1939, May 30

Asteroid 2012 KP24 (H = 26.4 mag, D ≈ 22 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.29 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.63 LD.

See: 2012 KP24 - JPL , 2012 KP24 - SSA

1943, Jan 28

Asteroid 2018 BM5 (H = 27.4 mag, D ≈ 14 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 6.08 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.27 LD.

See: 2018 BM5 - JPL , 2018 BM5 - SSA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhote-Alin_meteorite

1947, Apr 3

Asteroid 2008 GM2 (H = 28.4 mag, D ≈ 9 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.99 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.51 LD.

See: 2008 GM2 - JPL , 2008 GM2 - SSA

Ref:

- D.K. Yeomans, 1991, Astronomical Journal, 101, 1920, "A comet among the near-earth asteroids?"

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991AJ....101.1920Y

Erratum: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992AJ....104.1266Y

- D. Steel, 1991, Nature, 354, 265, "Our asteroid-pelted planet." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Natur.354..265S

- K. Ohtsuka, H. Arakida, T. Ito, et al., 2007, Astrophysical Journal Letters, 668, L71, "Apollo asteroids 1566 Icarus and 2007 MK6: Icarus family members?"

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...668L..71O

1949, Dec 11

Asteroid 2010 XR69 (H = 25.4 mag, D ≈ 35 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.42 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.90 LD.

See: 2010 XR69 -JPL , 2010 XR69 - SSA

1950, Jan 1

13 NEAs known, of which 5 PHAs.

See: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/

1950

The Yerkes-McDonald Survey of Asteroids (1950 – 1952), down to v = 16.5, was performed by astronomers Gerard P. Kuiper (1905 – 1973, Netherlands/USA), George A. Van Biesbroeck (1880 – 1974, Belgium/USA), Cornelis J. van Houten (1920 – 2002, Netherlands), Ingrid M. van Houten-Groeneveld (Netherlands) and Tom Gehrels (Netherlands/USA). A number of 3247 objects were found.

Ref:

- G.P. Kuiper, Y. Fujita, T. Gehrels, I. M. Groeneveld, J. Kent, G.A. Van Biesbroeck, C.J. van Houten, 1958, Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 3, 289, "Survey of asteroids".

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958ApJS....3..289K

1951

Ernst Julius Öpik (1893-1985, Estonia – Ireland), 1951, Proc. Royal Irish Academy, 54A, 165, "Collision probabilities with the planets and the distribution of interplanetary matter."

Discussing the possible importance of the Yarkovsky effect, discovered by Ivan Osipovich Yarkovsky (1844-1902, Russian-Polish civil engineer) for meteoroids moving about the Solar System.

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951PRIA...54..165O http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarkovsky_effect

1951, Jun 22

Asteroid 496860 (1999 XL136, H = 19.4 mag, D ≈ 558 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.05 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.05 LD.

See: 1999 XL136 - JPL , 1999 XL136 - SSA

See also: 7 Jun 1901, 8 Jun 2014, 8 Jun 2065.

1952, Dec

E.J. Öpik, 1952, Irish Astronomical Journal, 2, 95, "Collisions with heavenly bodies."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952IrAJ....2...95O

1952, Dec 9

Asteroid 2014 QK434 (H = 19.2 mag, D ≈ 594 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.52 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.23 LD.

See: 2014 QK434 - JPL , 2014 QK434 - SSA

1952, Dec 24

Asteroid 450293 (2004 LV3, H = 18.7 mag, D ≈ 748 m, PHA) passed Earth at 4.61 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.61 LD.

See: 2004 LV3 - JPL , 2004 LV3 - SSA

See also: 30 Nov 2093, 1 Dec 2140.

1954

A.C.B. Lovell, 1954, Meteor Astronomy (Oxford: Clarendon Press).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954QB741.L6.......

A critical review of this book, with comments on meteor velocities in particular, is given by E.J. Öpik, 1955, Irish Astronomical Journal, 3, 144, "Meteor astronomy."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955IrAJ....3..144O

1954, Feb 28

Asteroid 462550 (2009 CB3, H = 19.5 mag, D ≈ 536 m, PHA) passed Earth at 3.47 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.47 LD.

See: 2009 CB3 - JPL , 2009 CB3 - SSA

1954, Mar 13

Asteroid 2013 RZ53 (H = 31.2 mag, D ≈ 2 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.27 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.26 LD.

See: 2013 RZ53 - JPL , 2013 RZ53 - SSA

See also:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_KT42

See also: 3 Dec 1915, 29 May 2012.

1955, Jun 19

Asteroid 2015 LR21 (H = 26.5 mag, D ≈ 21 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.59 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.56 LD.

See: 2015 LR21 - JPL , 2015 LR21 - SSA

1955, Sep 18

Asteroid 2015 KE (H = 26.2 mag, D ≈ 24 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.30 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.03 LD.

See: 2015 KE - JPL , 2015 KE - SSA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(33342)_1998_WT24

See also: 16 Dec 1908, 16 Dec 2001, 11 Dec 2015, 18 Dec 2099

1957, Sep

C.S. Beals, 1957, Sky & Telescope, 16, 526, "A probable meteorite crater of great age."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957S%26T....16..526B

1957, Dec 10

Asteroid 2010 XW58 (H = 24.8 mag, D ≈ 47 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.16 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.16 LD.

See: 2010 XW58 - JPL , 2010 XW58 - SSA

1958

E.J. Öpik, 1958, Physics of meteor flight in the atmosphere (New York: Interscience Publishers).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958QB741.O38......

1958, Feb 22

C.S. Beals, 1958, Nature, 181, 559, "A survey of terrestrial craters."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958Natur.181..559B

1958, Mar

E.J. Öpik, 1958, Irish Astronomical Journal, 5, 34, "On the catastrophic effect of collisions with celestial bodies." Öpik proposed that NEO impacts might have handicapped the development of land in the paleontological history.

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958QB741.O38......

1958, Jul

G.P. Kuiper, Y. Fujita, T. Gehrels, I. M. Groeneveld, J. Kent, G.A. Van Biesbroeck, C.J. van Houten, 1958, Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 3, 289, "Survey of asteroids".

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958ApJS....3..289K

1959, Jan 27

Asteroid 2012 BX34 (H = 27.6 mag, D ≈ 13 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.53 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.40 LD.

See: 2012 BX34 - JPL , 2012 BX34 - SSA

See also:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_BX34

The Earth Impact Database lists some 170 known impact craters on Earth.

See: http://www.unb.ca/passc/ImpactDatabase/

1962, Mar 24

H.C. Urey, 1962, Nature, 193, 1119, " Life-forms in meteorites: origin of life-like forms in carbonaceous chondrites. Introduction." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962Natur.193.1119U

1963

Eugene M. Shoemaker (1928 – 1997, USA) and colleagues firmly established the impact origin of the Meteor Crater in Arizona. Meteor Crater is located approximately 69 km east of Flagstaff, near Winslow in the northern Arizona desert of the United States. The site was formerly known as the Canyon Diablo Crater. Scientists generally refer to it as Barringer Crater, in honor of the geologist Daniel Barringer (1860 – 1929) who was first to suggest that it was produced by meteorite impact. Barringer Meteor Crater lies at an elevation of about 1,740 m above sea level. It is ~ 1,200 m in diameter, 170 m deep, and is surrounded by a rim that rises 45 m above the surrounding plains. The center of the crater is filled with 210 – 240 m of rubble lying above crater bedrock. The incoming asteroid had a diameter of ~ 25 m and a velocity of 15 km/s. The largest meteorite found is the so-called Holsinger meteorite, weighing 639 kg, on display in the Meteor Crater Visitor Center on the rim of the crater.

See:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor_Crater http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barringer_Crater http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holsinger_Meteorite

Ref:

- E.M. Shoemaker, 1963, in: B.M. Middlehurst & G.P. Kuiper (eds.), The Moon, Meteorites, and Comets (Chicago: UCP), p. 301, "Impact mechanics at Meteor Crater, Arizona."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963mmc..book..301S

- D.J. Roddy, E.M. Shoemaker, 1995, Meteoritics 30(5), 567, "Meteor Crater (Barringer Meteorite Crater), Arizona: summary of impact conditions."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Metic..30Q.567R

- M. Boslough, 1996, Skeptical Inquirer, Vol. 20.2, March/April 1996, "Scientific knowledge is money in the bank." See: http://www.csicop.org/si/show/scientific_knowledge_is_money_in_the_bank

- D.A. Kring, 1997, Meteoritics& Planetary Science, 32, 517, "Air blast produced by the Meteor Crater impact event and a reconstruction of the affected environment."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997M%26PS...32..517K

- D.A. Kring, 1999, Sky & Telescope, 98(5), 48, "Calamity at Meteor Crater."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999S%26T....98e..48K

- H.J. Melosh, G.S. Collins, 2005, Nature, 434, 157, "Meteor Crater formed by a low-velocity impact."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.434..157M

1963

Initiation of the European Fireball Network. Ref: J. Olberst, S. Molau, D. Heinlein, et al., 1998, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 33, 49, "The 'European Fireball Network': Current status and future prospects".

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998M&PS...33...49O

1963

M.R. Dence, M.J.S. Innes, C.S. Beals, 1963, Astronomical Journal, 68, 534, "On the probable meteorite origin of the Clearwater Lakes, Quebec."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963AJ.....68..534D

1963, Mar

Initiation of the Prairie Meteorite Network, with a prototype station in Havanna (IL, USA). By May 1964, 16 stations were operational.

Ref:

- R.E. McCrosky, H. Boeschenstein, 1965, SAO Special Report, No. 173, "The Prairie Meteorite Network."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965SAOSR.173.....M

- Z. Ceplecha, R.E. McCrosky, 1997, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 32, A157, "Prairie Network fireballs: data on height, distance and brightness for each measured time-mark."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997M%26PSA..32..157C

1963, Aug 3

Prince Edward Islands Fireball and Airburst (South Africa). See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts

1963, Nov 2

R.L.C. Gallant, 1963, Nature, 200, 414, "Changes in the Earth's axis due to large meteorite collisions."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963Natur.200..414G

1963, Nov 4

Asteroid 2010 JL88 (H = 26.8 mag, D ≈ 19 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 7.80 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.56 LD.

See: 2010 JL88 - JPL , 2010 JL88 SSA

See also:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_JL88

1964

C.S. Beals, M.R. Dence, A.J. Cohen, 1964, Astronomical Journal, 69, 134, "Evidence suggesting a meteorite impact origin for Lac Couture, Quebec."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964AJ.....69R.134B

1964

Dandridge M. Cole, Donald W. Cox, 1964, Islands in space: the challenge of the planetoids (Philadephia: Chilton).

See: http://discoveryenterprise.blogspot.com/2007/08/islands-in-space-challenge-of.html

1964

René L.C. Gallant (1906 – 1985, Belgium), 1964, Bombarded Earth (London: John Baker Publishers Ltd).

See: http://www.catastrophism.com/cdrom/pubs/books/gallant/index.htm http://www.velikovsky.info/Ren%C3%A9_Gallant#cite_note-palmer2003-0

1965, Jan 17

Asteroid 2007 BD (H = 25.6 mag, D ≈ 32 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.002 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.855 LD.

See: 2007 BD - JPL , 2007 BD- SSA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Fireball_Network

1968

C.S. Beals, 1968, Contributions Dominion Observatory Ottawa, 4(29), 1, "Theories of the origin of Hudson Bay. I. On the possibility of a catastrophic origin for the great arc of eastern Hudson Bay."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968CoDAO...4....1B

1968, Jan

G.W. Wetherill, J.G. Williams, 1968, Journal of Geophysical Research, 73, 635, "Evaluation of the Apollo asteroids as sources of stone meteorites."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968JGR....73..635W

1968, Apr 23

Asteroid 2008 GD110 (H = 24.5 mag, D ≈ 53 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.60 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.16 LD.

See: 2008 GD110 - JPL , 2008 GD110 - SSA

1968, May 15

Asteroid 2010 JR34 (H = 27.7 mag, D ≈ 12 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.09 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.91 LD.

See: 2010 JR34 -JPL , 2010 JR34 - SSA

1968, Jun 14

Asteroid 1566 Icarus (1949 MA, H = 16 mag, D = 1300 m, PHA) passed Earth at 16.53 LD. Observed by radar by NASA's Goldstone Solar System Radar (CA, USA) and the MIT Haystack Observatory (Westfort, MA, USA).

See:

1949 MA - JPL , 1566 Icarus - SSA

Ref:

- R.M. Goldstein, 1968, Science, 162, 903, "Radar observations of Icarus."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968Sci...162..903G

- B.G. Marsden, 1998, Boston Sunday Globe, 29 March 1989, "How the asteroid story hit: an astronomer reveals how a discovery spun out of control."

See: http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/pressinfo/1997XF11Globe.html

1969, Sep 28

Murchison Fireball and Meteorite. Near the town of Murchison (Victoria, Australia), a bright fireball was observed to separate into three fragments before disappearing, leaving a cloud of smoke. About 30 seconds later, a tremor was heard. Many specimens were found over an area larger than 13 km², with individual masses up to 7 kg; one piece, weighing 680 g, broke through a roof. The total collected mass exceeds 100 kg.

Ref:

- P. Schmitt-Kopplin, Z. Gabelica, R.D. Gougeon, et al., 2010, Proc. Nat Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 2763, "High molecular diversity of extraterrestrial organic matter in Murchison meteorite revealed 40 years after its fall."

See: http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/02/12/0912157107.abstract

- S. Pizzarello, August 2012, Astrophysical Journal (Letters), 754, L27, "Hydrogen cyanide in the Murchison Meteorite."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...754L..27P

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murchison_meteorite

1969, Dec

The Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition discovered nine meteorites on the blue ice field of the Yamato Mountains in Antarctica, December 1969. This was the first significant recovery of Antarctic meteorites and represented samples of several different types. In 2011, co-researchers from the USA, South Korea and Japan have found in meteorite Yamato 691 a new mineral, dubbed "Wassonite", formed from sulfur and titanium, and possessing a unique crystal structure that has not been previously observed in nature.

Ref:

- T. Nagata, 30 June 1976, Meteoritics, 11, 181, "Yamato meteorites collected in Antarctica in 1969." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Metic..11..181N http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/home/wassonite.html

1970, Jan 1

27 NEAs known, of which 10 PHAs.

See: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/

1970

First infrared diameter of an asteroid measured: 4 Vesta (H = 3.40 mag, D = 530 km, main-belt asteroid).

See: Vesta - JPL , 4 Vesta - SSA

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Vesta

Ref:

- D.A. Allen, 1970, Nature, 227, 158, "Infrared diameter of Vesta." See: http://nature.com/nature/journal/v227/n5254/abs/227158a0.html

1970, Jan 3

Lost City Fireball. Four stations (Hominy OK, Woodward OK, Pleasanton KS, and Garden City KS) of the Prairie Meteorite Network simultaneously photographed the track of a meteoroid fireball. Analysis of the photographs indicated that a meteorite might have landed within an area east of Lost City (OK, USA). This was the first time in the US that simultaneous photography of a fireball from multiple observation points was achieved, making it possible to calculate a trajectory and delimit a search area on the ground. Six days later, a 9.83 kg (21.6 pound) meteorite was spotted sitting in a snow-covered dirt road within one-half mile of Lost City. Three additional smaller meteorite fragments were recovered later (272 g, 640 g, 6.6 kg).

Ref:

- Z. Ceplecha, 1996, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 311, 329, "Luminous efficiency based on photographic observations of the Lost City fireball and implications for the influx of interplanetary bodies onto Earth."

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996A%26A...311..329C http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_City,_Oklahoma

1970, Jan 24

C.S. Beals, 1970, Nature, 225, 368, "Impact craters and the relative ages of Earth and Moon."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970Natur.225..368B

1970, Mar 27

Asteroid 215588 (2003 HF2, H = 19.3 mag, D ≈ 490 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.02 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.02 LD.

See: 2003 HF2 - JPL , 2003 HF2 - SSA

1970, Oct

C.J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, P. Herget & T. Gehrels, 1970, Astronomy & Astrophysics Suppl., 2, 339, "The Palomar-Leiden Survey of faint Minor Planets."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970A%26AS....2..339

1971, Feb 4

Asteroid 2016 CE (H = 28.5 mag, D ≈ 8 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.86 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.58 LD.

See: 2016 CE - JPL , 2016 CE - SSA

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_JE9

1971, May 22

Asteroid 2017 WL15 (H = 25.8 mag, D ≈ 29 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.58 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.50 LD.

See: 2017 WL15 - JPL , 2017 WL15 - SSA

1972

V.L. Masajtis, M.V. Mikhajlov, T.V. Selivanovskaya, 1972, Meteoritics, 7(1), 39, "The Popigay meteorite crater."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972IGRv...14..327M

1972

V.L. Masaitis, M.V. Mikhailov, T.V. Selivanovskaya, 1972, Int. Geol. Rev., 14, 327, "Popigai Basin -- an explosion meteorite crater."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972Metic...7...39M

1972, Mar

D.J. Milton, B.C. Barlow, R. Brett, et al., 1972, Science, 175, 1199, "Gosses Bluff impact structure, Australia."

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972Sci...175.1199M http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosses_Bluff_crater

1972, Aug 10

Great Daylight 1972 Fireball (US19720810), Earth-grazing asteroid, estimated D ≈ 3-14 m, 100-sec passage with 15 km/s through the Earth atmosphere, 57 km high over the Rocky Mountains from Utah (USA) to Alberta (Canada). Co-inciding with the annual Perseid meteor shower. Suggestions that this object is still in an Earth crossing orbit around the Sun and passed close to the Earth again in August 1997 have not been substantiated (Spahr, 2010, private communication).

Ref:

- R.D. Rawcliffe, C.D. Bartky, F. Li, et al., 1974, Nature, 247, 449, "Meteor of August 10, 1972."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974Natur.247..449R

- E.J. Öpik, 1974, Irish Astronomical Journal, 11, 165, "A meteorite that got away."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974IrAJ...11..165O

- A.C. Clarke, 1993, in preface of his novel The Hammer of God (New York: Bantam Books).

See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hammer_of_God

- E. Tagliaferri, 1998, Mercury, Vol. 27, no. 6, p. 18, "Observation of meteoroid impacts by space-based sensors."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Mercu..27f..18T

- Z. Ceplecha, 1994, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 283, 287, "Earth-grazing daylight fireball of August 10, 1972."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A%26A...283..287C

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap090302.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Daylight_1972_Fireball http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-grazing_fireball

1972, Oct 2

R.J. Ford, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 16, 228, "A possible impact crater associated with Darwin glass."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972E&PSL..16..228F

1973, Jan

Eleanor F. Helin and Eugene M. Shoemaker begin photographic NEO searches using Palomar 46 cm (18 inch) telescope: the Planet-Crossing Asteroid Survey (PCAS), 1973 – 1978. They took photographic plates 3 nights each month till 1978 and found first Earth orbit crosser (asteroid 5496 1973 NA, H = 15.9 mag, D ≈ 2.73 km) on 4 July 1973.

See: 1973 NA - JPL , 5496 1973 NA - SSA

Ref:

- E.F. Helin, E.M. Shoemaker, 1979, Icarus, 40, 321, "The Palomar Planet-Crossing Asteroid Survey, 1973 – 1978."

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Icar...40..321H http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet-Crossing_Asteroid_Survey

1973, Jan 17

Asteroid 2009 BH2 (H = 22.4 mag, D ≈ 142 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.88 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.20 LD.

See: 2009 BH2 - JPL , 2009 BH2 - SSA

1973, Feb

J.K. Bjorkman, 1973, Meteoritics, 8, 91, "Meteors and meteorites in the ancient Near East."

See: http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1973Metic...8...91B&db_key=AST&page_ind=0&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_GIF&classic=YES .

1973, Mar 13

Discovery of asteroid 1943 Anteros (1973 EC, H = 15.75 mag, D ≈ 2.48 km).

See: 1973 EC - JPL , 1973 EC - SSA

See also: 6 February 2015, 23 May 2038, 20 May 2050.

1973, Sep 18

Asteroid 2017 RX2 (H = 26.4 mag, D ≈ 22 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.81 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.50 LD.

See: 2017 RX2 - JPL , 2017 RX2 - SSA

1973, Oct

P.D. Zimmerman, G.W. Wetherill, 1973, Science, 182, 51, "Asteroidal source of meteorites."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973Sci...182...51Z

1973, Dec 19

Asteroid 2017 YO3 (H = 28.2 mag, D ≈ 10 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.43 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.63 LD.

See: 2017 YO3 - JPL , 2017 YO3 - SSA

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/433_Eros

See also: 13 Aug 1898, 31 Jan 2012.

1975, Jan 31

Asteroid 27002 (1998 DV9, H = 18.1 mag, D ≈ 700 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.76 LD. Minimum miss distance 1.76 LD.

See: 1998 DV9 - JPL , 1998 DV9 - SSA

1975, Mar 25

Asteroid 2012 FT35 (H = 29.3 mag, D ≈ 6 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.83 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.94 LD.

See: 2012 FT35 - JPL , 2012 FT35 - SSA

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2062_Aten

Ref:

- E.F. Helin, E.M. Shoemaker, 1977, Icarus, 31, 415, "Discovery of asteroid 1976 AA".

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977Icar...31..415H

1976, Jan 28

Gujarat Brilliant Fireball and Dhajala Meteorite Shower, India.

Ref:

- N. Bhandari, D. Lal, J.R. Trivedi, 1976, Meteoritics, 11, 137, "The Dhajala meteorite shower."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Metic..11..137B

1976, Mar 8

Jilin Meteorite Shower, near Jilin City (Jilin Province, China), had a dispersion ellipse of 72 × 8.5 km and landed over 100 fragments with a total mass > 2700 kg. The largest of these fragments weighs 1770 kg and presents the largest stony meteorite known.

Ref:

- K. Yau, P. Weissman, D. Yeomans, 1994, Meteoritics, 29, 864, "Meteorite falls in China and some related human casualty events."

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Metic..29..864Y http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/J/Jilin.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall

1976, Mar 29

Asteroid 2014 GY44 (H = 25.4 mag, D ≈ 35 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.19 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.17 LD.

See: 2014 GY44 - JPL , 2014 GY44 - SSA

1976, Oct 17

Asteroid 2013 UG1 (H = 22.2 mag, D ≈ 149 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.85 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.85 LD.

See: 2013 UG1 - JPL , 2013 UG1 - SSA

See also:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_GA

1978

C.R. Chapman, J.G. Williams, W.K. Hartmann, 1978, Annual Review of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 16, 33, "The asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978ARA%26A..16...33C

1978

L'. Kresák, 1978, Bulletin Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia, 29, 103, "Passages of comets and asteroids near the earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978BAICz..29..103K

1978

L'. Kresák, 1978, Bulletin Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia, 29, 114, "The comet and asteroid population of the earth's environment."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978BAICz..29..114K

1978

L'. Kresák, 1978, Bulletin Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia, 29, 149, "The total number of the Apollo asteroids and their chance rediscoveries."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978BAICz..29..149K

1978

B.L. Narendra, 1978, Discovery 13(1), 10, "The Peabody Museum meteorite collection: a historic account."

See:

http://peabody.yale.edu/collections/meteorites-and-planetary-science/weston-meteorite

http://peabody.yale.edu/collections/meteorites-and-planetary-science/wethersfield-meteorite

1978

G.L. Verschuur, 1978, Cosmic Catastrophes (Reading, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley Publ. Co.).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978coca.book.....V

1978, Apr 1

IAU Minor Planet Center moved to Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge (MA, USA). Brian G. Marsden, director. Up to this time, the set of numbered minor planets had increased to 2060, with nearly 180,000 observations in the archive.

See: http://www.oaa.gr.jp/~oaacs/mp/BriefHistoryofMPCbyConradBardwell.pdf

http://www.iau.org/static/publications/IB104.pdf , p. 67.

1978, May 20 02:43

Asteroid 2017 KY4 (H = 24.6 mag, D ≈ 50 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 7.50 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.77 LD.

See: 2017 KY4 - JPL , 2017 KY4 - SSA

1978, May 20 12:48

Asteroid 2011 UD21 (H = 28.5 mag, D ≈ 8 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.75 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.24 LD.

See: 2011 UD21 - JPL , 2011 UD21 - SSA

1978, Jul 1

Asteroid 436724 (2011 UW158, H = 19.9 mag, D ≈ 600 x 300 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.68 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.67 LD.

See: 2011 UW158 - JPL , 2011 UW158 - SSA

1980

E. Helin, D. Morrison, G. Wetherill, M. Hanner, 1980, Sky & Telescope, 60, 12, "IRAS and the asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980S%26T....60...12H

1980, Jan 20

Asteroid 2018 BH3 (H = 25.2 mag, D ≈ 38 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.06 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.05 LD.

See: 2018 BH3 - JPL , 2018 BH3 - SSA

http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroidwatch/newsfeatures.cfm?release=2011-296

http://www.space.com/19681-dinosaur-killing-asteroid-chicxulub-crater.html

http://www.space.com/20354-dinosaur-extinction-caused-by-comet.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicxulub_crater

1980, Aug 5

Tajikistan Fireball, 5 August 1980, observed by the meteor observing stations operated by the Meteor Patrol of the Hissar Astronomical Observatory (Tajikistan) and Kipchak station.

Ref:

- N.A. Konovalova, J.M. Madiedo, J.M. Trigo-Rodríguez, 2013, LPI Contribution No. 1719, p. 1479, "Analysis of a large meteorite-dropping fireball from the Apollo NEA family."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013LPICo1719.1479K

1980, Sep 28

Asteroid 2011 TO (H = 26.3 mag, D ≈ 23 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.38 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.79 LD.

See: 2011 TO - JPL , 2011 TO - SSA

See also: 28 Sep 2011, 27 Sep 2044.

1981, May 7

R.A.F. Grieve, 1981, Nature, 291, 16, "Impact cratering."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Natur.291...16G

1981, May 18

Asteroid 143651 (2003 QO104, H = 16.0 mag, D ≈ 2290 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.76 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.76 LD.

See: 2003 QO104 - JPL , 143651 2003 QO104 - SSA

1981, Jul 13-16

First NASA NEO workshop on Collision of Asteroids and Comets with the Earth: Physical and Human Consequences, Snowmass (CO, USA), chaired by Eugene M. Shoemaker. Report never published.

Ref:

- D. Chandler, 2008, Nature, 453, 1164, "The burger bar that saved the world."

See: http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080625/full/4531164a.html

1981, Oct 12-22

First Snowbird Conference on Large Body Impacts and Terrestrial Evolution: Geological, Climatological, and Biological Implications, Snowbird (Utah, USA).

See: http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lpi_40th/1981.shtml

1981, Nov

C. Emiliani, E.B. Kraus, E.M. Shoemaker, 1981, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 55, 317, "Sudden death at the end of Mesozoic."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981E%26PSL..55..317E

1981, Nov

G.W. Wetherill, 1981, Icarus, 48, 308, "Which fireballs are meteorites – a study of the Prairie Network photographic meteor data."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Icar...48..308W

1982

L.T. Silver, P.H. Schulz (eds.), 1982, Proc., Geological implications of impacts of large asteroids and comets on the Earth, Geological Society of America Special Papers, Vol. 190.

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/190

1982, Jan 30

Asteroid 292220 (2006 SU49, H = 19.5 mag, D ≈ 523 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.49 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.49 LD.

See: 2006 SU49 - JPL , 2006 SU49 - SSA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(292220)_2006_SU49

See also: 29 Jan 1977, 28 Jan 2029.

1982, Oct 21

Asteroid 171576 (1999 VP11, H = 18.6 mag, D ≈ 827 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.77 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.77 LD.

See: 1999 VP11 - JPL , 1999 VP11 - SSA

See also: 21 Oct 1965, 22 Oct 2086.

1982, Nov 4

Asteroid 2012 TY52 (H = 21.3 mag, D ≈ 234 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.82 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.81 LD.

See: 2012 TY52 - JPL , 2012 TY52 - SSA

1982, Nov 8

The Wethersfield Fireball and Meteorite.

See: http://peabody.yale.edu/collections/meteorites-and-planetary-science/wethersfield-meteorite

1983

E.M. Shoemaker, 1983, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science, 11, 461, "Asteroid and comet bombardment of the Earth." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983AREPS..11..461S

1983

Discovery of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater, formed by a bolide that impacted the eastern shore of North America ~35 million years ago. It is the largest impact crater in the USA.

Ref:

- Wuchang Wei, C.W. Poag, L.J. Poppe, et al., 1993, Geology, 21, 478, "Deep sea drilling Project Site 612 bolide event: new evidence of a late Eocene impact-wave deposit and a possible impact site, U.S. east coast: comment and reply."

See: http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/21/5/478>

- C. Koeberl, W.U. Reimold, D. Brandt, C.W. Poag, 1995, Meteoritics, 30, 528, "Chesapeake Bay crater, Virginia: confirmation of impact origin."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Metic..30R.528K

1983, Jun 20-22

International conference on Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, Uppsala (Sweden). Proceedings: C.-I. Lagerkvist & H. Rickman, 1983, Asteroids, Comets, Meteors (Uppsala: Astronomiska Observatoriet).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983acmp.book.....L

1983, Oct 11

Asteroid 3200 Phaethon (1983 TB, H = 13.9 mag, D = 5100 m, M = 1.4 × 10¹⁴ kg, PHA) discovered by IRAS. It approaches the Sun closer than any other numbered asteroid: its perihelion is 0.14 AU, i.e., less than half Mercury's perihelion distance. Phaethon is possibly an old comet core. Its closest approach to Earth within the next 190 yr will occur on 14 December 2093 at 7.7 LD.

See:

1983 TB - JPL , 3200 Phaethon - SSA

Ref:

- J. Davies, S.F. Gree, C.M. Bardwell, et al., 1983, IAU Circular 3860, "Comet IRAS (1983o)."

See: http://cepsar.open.ac.uk/pers/s.f.green/p4_6.shtml

- J. Licandro, H. Campins, T. Mothé-Diniz, et al., 2007, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 461, 751, "The nature of comet-asteroid transition object (3200) Phaethon."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A%26A...461..751L

- J. de León, H. Campins, K. Tsiganis, et al., 2010, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 513, 26, "Origin of the near-Earth asteroid Phaethon and the Geminids meteor shower."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010A%26A...513A..26D

- D. Jewitt, J. Li, 2010, Astronomical Journal, 140, 1519, "Activity in Geminid parent (3200) Phaethon."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AJ....140.1519J

- J. Li, D. Jewitt, June 2013, Astronomical Journal, 145, 9, "Recurrent perihelion activity in (3200) Phaethon."

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AJ....145..154L

http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/06dec_geminids/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3200_Phaethon

1984

The 0.9-m Spacewatch Telescope became the first telescope to detect and discover asteroids and comets with electronic detectors (CCDs, as opposed to photographic plates or films).

See: http://spacewatch.lpl.arizona.edu/

1984, Jan

Z. Sekanina, D.K. Yeomans, 1984, Astronomical Journal, 89, 154, "Close encounters and collisions of comets with the earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984AJ.....89..154S

1984, Jan 10

Asteroid 2016 TB57 (H = 26.1 mag, D ≈ 26 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.77 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.76 LD.

See: 2016 TB57 - JPL , 2016 TB57 - SSA

1984, May 24

J.K. Davies, S.F. Green, B.C. Stewart, et al., 1984, Nature, 309, 315, "The IRAS fast-moving object search."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Natur.309..315D

1984, Jul

C.J. van Houten, P. Herget, B.G. Marsden, 1984, Icarus, 59, 1, "The Palomar-Leiden Survey of Faint Minor Planets – conclusion."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Icar...59....1V

1984, Aug

H.J. Melosh, 1984, Icarus, 59, 234, "Impact ejection, spallation, and the origin of meteorites."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Icar...59..234M

1985

Fred L. Whipple (1906 – 2004, USA): “Protection of the Earth from undesirable impacting bodies is not just a science fiction project for some improbable future. The cost might be comparable to, even smaller than, the world’s current military expenditures. We could choose to do it now. We could choose to protect ourselves from asteroids and comets rather than from each other.” Ref: F.L. Whipple, 1985, The Mystery of Comets (Baltimore: Smithsonian Institution Press).

1985, Feb

D.I. Steel, W.J. Baggaley, 1985, Monthly Notices Royal Astronomical Society, 212, 817, "Collisions in the Solar System. I. Impacts of the Apollo-Amor-Aten asteroids upon the terrestrial planets."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985MNRAS.212..817S

1985, Feb 11

Asteroid 2012 PB20 (H = 24.9 mag, D ≈ 44 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.23 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.86 LD.

See: 2012 PB20 - JPL , 2012 PB20 - SSA

1985, Mar

G. Hahn, H. Rickman, 1985, Icarus, 61, 417, "Asteroids in cometary orbits."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Icar...61..417H

1985, Mar

G.W. Wetherill, 1985, Meteoritics, vol. 20,1, "Asteroidal source of ordinary chondrites."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Metic..20....1W

1985, Apr 9

Asteroid 2017 UK1 (H = 27.0 mag, D ≈ 17 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.34 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.51 LD.

See: 2017 UK1 - JPL , 2017 UK1- SSA

1985, May 17

G.W. Wetherill, 1985, Science, 228, 877, "Occurrence of giant impacts during the growth of the terrestrial planets."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Sci...228..877W

1985, Jun 3-6

International conference on Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, II, Uppsala (Sweden). Proceedings: C.-I. Lagerkvist, H. Rickman, B.A. Lindblad, H. Lundstedt, 1986, Asteroids, Comets, Meteors II (Uppsala: Astronomiska Observatoriet).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986acm..proc.....L

1985, Jul 12

L.A. McFadden, M.J. Gaffey, Th.B. Mccord, 1985, Science, 229, 160, "Near-Earth Asteroids: possible sources from reflectance spectroscopy."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Sci...229..160M

1985, Sep 2

Asteroid 371660 (2007 CN26, H = 21.1 mag, D ≈ 250 m, PHA) passed Earth at at a nominal miss distance of 1.05 LD. Minimum miss distance 1.05 LD.

See: 2007 CN26 - JPL , 371660 2007 CN26 - SSA

1985, Nov 28

I. Halliday, A.T. Blackwell, A.A. Griffin, 28 November 1985, Nature, 318, 317, "Meteorite impacts on humans and buildings." See: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v318/n6044/abs/318317a0.html

1985, Dec

S.F. Green, N. Eaton, A.J. Meadows, J.K. Davies, B.C. Stewart, 1985, Icarus, 64, 517, "The detection of fast-moving asteroids and comets by IRAS."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Icar...64..517G

1985, Dec

R.A.F. Grieve, V.L. Sharpton, A.K. Goodacre, 1985, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 76, 1, "A perspective on the evidence for periodic cometary impacts on Earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985E%26PSL..76....1G

1986

D.L. Matson, 1986, The IRAS Asteroid and Comet Survey, JPL D-3689 (Pasadena: JPL).

See: http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/IRASdocs/surveys/comet.html

1986, Jan

D.I. Steel, W.G. Elford, 1986, Monthly Notices Royal Astronomical Society, 218, 185, "Collisions in the Solar System. III. Meteoroid survival times."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986MNRAS.218..185S

1986, Mar 13

ESA spacecraft Giotto flyby of comet Halley.

Ref:

- J. Kissel, D.E. Brownlee, K. Buchler, et al., 1986, Nature, 321, 336, "Composition of comet Halley dust particles from Giotto observations."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Natur.321..336K

- G. Schwehm, 2006, ESA Bulletin, 125, 8, "Twenty years after Giotto - ESA's pioneering mission to comet Halley."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ESABu.125....8S

1986, Sep 22-25

R.N. Pugh, J.E. Allen, 1986, presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, American Museum of Natural History, New York (NY, USA), LPI Contribution 600, p.208, "Origing of the Willamette Meteorite."

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986LPICo.600E.208P http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Meteorite

1986, Oct 11

Asteroid 2012 TC4 (H = 26.7 mag, D ≈ 15 x 8 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.71 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.000019 LD (= 0.0012 R_Earth from the geocenter).

See: 2012 TC4 - JPL , 2012 TC4 - SSA

See also: 12 Oct 2012, 12 Oct 2017

1987

R.A.F. Grieve, 1987, Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 15, 245, "Terrestrial impact structures."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987AREPS..15..245G

1987, Jun 1

Asteroid 2014 WG365 (H = 20.2 mag, D ≈ 388 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.94 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.94 LD.

See: 2014 WG365 - JPL , 2014 WG365 - SSA

1987, Jul

D.K. Yeomans, S.J. Ostro, P.W. Chodas, 1987, Astronomical Journal, 94, 189, "Radar astrometry of near-earth asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987AJ.....94..189Y

1987, Jul

Z. Ceplecha, P. Spurný, J. Bocek, et al., 1987, Bulletin Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia, 38, 211, "European Network fireballs photographed in 1978."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987BAICz..38..211C

1987, Jul

Z. Ceplecha, 1988, Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia, 38, 222, "Geometric, dynamic, orbital and photometric data on meteoroids from photographic fireball networks."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987BAICz..38..222C

1988

T. Gehrels, 1988, On the Glassy Sea. An Astronomer's Journey (New York: American Institute of Physics), Ch. 16, p. 183, "Asteroid impacts and planet formation". Including the history of the 90 cm Spacewatch Telescope on Kitt Peak (AZ, USA).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988gsaa.book.....G

1988, Feb 18

K.A. Maher, D.J. Stevenson, 1988, Nature, 331, 612, "Impact frustration of the origin of life."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Natur.331..612M

1988, Mar 8-11

International conference on Asteroids II, Tucson (AZ, USA). Proceedings: R.P. Binzel, T. Gehrels, & M.S. Matthews (eds.), 1989, Asteroids II (Tucson: Univ. Arizona Press).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989aste.conf.....B

1988, Apr 21

H.J. Melosh, 1988, Nature, 332, 687, "The rocky road to panspermia."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Natur.332..687M

1988, Jul

Z. Ceplecha, 1988, Bulletin Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia, 39, 221, "Earth's influx of different populations of sporadic meteoroids from photographic and television data."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988BAICz..39..221C

1988, Aug

T. Gehrels, 1988, in: Reports of Planetary Astronomy (NASA: Washington), p. 45, "CCD scanning for comets and asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988plas.rept...45G

1988, Oct

G.W. Wetherill, 1988, Icarus, vol. 76, 1, "Where do the Apollo objects come from?"

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Icar...76....1W

1988, Oct 15

Asteroid 2010 UK (H = 26.8 mag, D ≈ 18 m) passed Earth at at a nominal miss distance of 1.08 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.82 LD.

See: 2010 UK - JPL , 2010 UK - SSA

1988, Oct 20-22

Second Snowbird Conference on Global Catastrophes in Earth History: Interdisciplinary Conference on Impacts, Volcanism, and Mass Mortality, Snowbird (Utah, USA). Proc.: V.L. Sharpton & P.D. Ward (eds.), 1991, Geol. Soc. of America Special Paper, Vol. 247.

See: http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lpi_40th/1988.shtml

1988, Oct 22

E.M. Shoemaker, C.S. Shoemaker, R.F. Wolfe, 1988, in: V.L. Sharpton & P.D. Ward (eds.), 1991, Proc. Second Snowbird Conference on Global Catastrophes in Earth History: Interdisciplinary Conference on Impacts, Volcanism, and Mass Mortality, Snowbird (Utah, USA), "Asteroid and comet flux in the neighbourhood of the Earth."

See: http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lpi_40th/1988.shtml

1989

T. Gehrels begins full NEO search operation using CCD drift-scan mode at the Spacewatch Telescope, on Kitt Peak (AZ, USA). See: http://spacewatch.lpl.arizona.edu/

1989

C.R. Chapman, D. Morrison, 1989, Cosmic Catastrophes (New York: Plenum).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989coca.book.....C

1989

H.J. Melosh, 1989, Impact cratering: a geologic process (New York: Oxford University Press).

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989icgp.book.....M http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989S%26T....78T.382M

1989

D.L. Matson, G.J. Veeder, E.F. Tedesco, L.A. Lebofsky, 1989, in: Asteroids II, R.P. Binzel, et al. (eds.), Proc. Conf. in Tucson (AZ, USA) 8-11 March 1988, (Univ. Arizona Press), p. 269, "The IRAS asteroid and comet survey".

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989aste.conf..269M

A total of 1811 asteroids and 25 comets with known orbits were measured. Evidence was found in the IRAS data base for a large population of asteroids with unknown orbits.

See also:

D.L. Matson, IPAC, JPL D-3698, 1986, http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/IRASdocs/surveys/comet.html

1989

Conrad M. Bardwell (1926 – 2010), Temmon Guide, 1989, "A brief history of the Minor Planet Center."

See: http://www.oaa.gr.jp/~oaacs/mp/BriefHistoryofMPCbyConradBardwell.pdf

1989, Jan 4

Re-discovery of the largest known PHA: 4179 Toutatis, 1989 AC (H = 15.3 mag, D = 4.6×2.4×1.9 km, P = 4.03 yr). It was first sighted on February 10, 1934, as object 1934 CT, and then promptly lost. Re-discovery on January 4, 1989, by Christian Pollas (France), and was named after the Celtic god Toutatis/Teutates, known to popular culture as the God the cartoon character Astérix's chief Vitalstatistix evokes so that the sky may never fall on his head. Radar imagery has shown

that Toutatis is a irregular body consisting of two distinct "lobes", with maximum widths of about 4.6 km and 2.4 km respectively. It is hypothesized that Toutatis formed from two originally separate bodies which coalesced at some point, with the resultant asteroid being compared to a "rubble pile".

See:

1989 AC - JPL , 4179 Toutatis - SSA

Ref:

- J.-L. Heudier, R. Chemin, A. Maury, C. Pollas, January 1989, IAU Circ., 4701, 2, "1989 AC."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989IAUC.4701....2H

- S.J. Ostro, R.S. Hudson, R.F. Jurgens, et al., 1995, Science, 270, 80, "Radar images of asteroid 4179 Toutatis."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...270...80O

- R.S. Hudson, S.J. Ostro, 1995, Science, 270, 84, "Shape and non-principal axis spin state of asteroid 4179 Toutatis."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...270...84H

- D.J. Scheeres, S.J. Ostro, R.S. Hudson, et al., 1998, Icarus, 132, 53, "Dynamics of orbits close to asteroid 4179 Toutatis."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Icar..132...53S

- S.J. Ostro, R.S. Hudson, K.D. Rosema, et al., 1999, Icarus, 137, 122, "Asteroid 4179 Toutatis: 1996 radar observations."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Icar..137..122O

- R.S. Hudson, S.J. Ostro, D.J. Scheeres, 2003, Icarus, 161, 346, "High-resolution model of asteroid 4179 Toutatis."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Icar..161..346H

- A.M. MacRobert, 2004, Sky & Telescope, 108 (3), 82, "The Closest Whiz-by of Toutatis."

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004S%26T...108c..82M http://br.groups.yahoo.com/group/Astronomynews/message/5177

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toutatis-4179

1989, Mar

G.W. Wetherill, 1989, Meteoritics, 24, 15, "Cratering of the terrestrial planets by Apollo objects."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Metic..24...15W

1989, Mar 2

Asteroid 2016 DV1 (H = 24.8 mag, D ≈ 47 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 6.69 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.05 LD.

See: 2016 DV1 - JPL , 2016 DV1 - SSA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4581_Asclepius

See also: 16 Aug 2012, 24 Mar 2051.

1989, Apr

G. Hahn, P. Magnusson, A.W. Harris, et al., 1989, Icarus, 78, 363, "Physical studies of Apollo-Amor asteroids - UBVRI photometry of 1036 Ganymed and 1627 Ivar."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Icar...78..363H

1989, Apr

A. Milani, M. Carpino, G. Hahn, A.M. Nobili, 1989, Icarus, 78, 212, "Dynamics of planet-crossing asteroids – classes of orbital behaviour. Project SPACEGUARD."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Icar...78..212M

1989, Apr

G.J. Veeder, M.S. Hanner, D.L. Matson, et al., 1989, Astronomical Journal, 97, 1211, "Radiometry of Near-Earth Asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989AJ.....97.1211V

1989, May

S. van den Bergh, 1989, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 101, 500, "Life and death in the inner solar system."

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PASP..101..500V http://www.astronomynotes.com/solfluf/s5.htm

1989, Jun 12-16

International conference on Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, III, Uppsala (Sweden). Proceedings: C.-I. Lagerkvist, H. Rickman, B.A. Lindblad, & M. Lindgren, 1990, Asteroids, Comets, Meteors III (Uppsala: Astronomiska Observatoriet). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990acmi.book.....L

1989, Aug 1

Asteroid 2014 LJ21 (H = 16.0 mag, D ≈ 2594 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 7.03 LD. Minimum miss distance 6.84 LD.

See: 2014 LJ21 - JPL , 2014 LJ21 - SSA

1989, Aug 19-22

First-ever radar images of an asteroid: 4769 Castalia (1989 PB, NEA, H = 16.9 mag, D = 1.8 × 0.8 km, PHA) obtained with the 305 m Arecibo radio telescope by Steven J. Ostro (1946 – 2008) of NASA JPL, Pasadena (CA, USA) and R. Scott Hudson of Caltech, Pasadena. At the time of observation the distance to 4769 Castalia was d = 11 LD.

See:

1989 PB - JPL , 4769 Castalia - SSA

Ref:

- S.J. Ostro, J.F. Chandler, A.A. Hine, et al., 1990, Science, 248, 1523, "Radar images of asteroid 1989 PB."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Sci...248.1523O

As of May 2008, Ostro and his collaborators had detected 222 NEAs (including 130 PHAs and 24 binaries) and 118 main-belt objects with radar.

See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=180

1989, Nov

J. Luu, D. Jewitt, 1989, Astronomical Journal, 98, 1905, "On the relative numbers of C types and S types among near-earth asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989AJ.....98.1905L

1989, Nov 4

Asteroid 2015 JJ (H = 22.1 mag, D ≈ 160 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.12 LD. Minimum miss distance 9.12 LD.

See : 2015 JJ - SSA , 2015 JJ - SSA

1990, Dec

A. Milani, M. Carpino, F. Marzari, 1990, Icarus, 88, 292, "Statistics of close approaches between asteroids and planets: project SPACEGUARD."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Icar...88..292M

1991

US Congresssional Statement 1991: "The House Committee on Science and Technology believes that it is imperative that the detection rate of Earth‐orbit‐crossing asteroids must be increased substantially, and that the means to destroy or alter the orbits of asteroids when they do threaten collisions should be defined and agreed upon internationally. The chances of the Earth being struck by a large asteroid are extremely small, but because the consequences of such a collision are extremely large, the Committee believes it is only prudent to assess the nature of the threat and prepare to deal with it." NASA Authorization Bill, 1991.

The US Congress House Committee on Science and Technology used NASA Authorization Bill to direct NASA to study (1) a programme to increase detection rate of Earth-orbit-crossing asteroids addressing costs, schedule, technology and equipment (Spaceguard Survey Report); (2) systems and technologies to destroy or alter orbits of such asteroids if they should pose a danger to life on Earth (NEO Interception Workshop).

See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/gov_cong_hearings_1.cfm

1991

The 5000^th minor planet was numbered at the IAU Minor Planet Center, main-belt asteroid 5000 IAU (1987 QN7, H = 14.3 mag, D ≈ 5858 m), discovered on 23 August 1987 by Eleanor F. Helin (1932 – 2009) at Palomar Observatory (CA, USA).

See: 1987 QN7 - JPL , 5000 IAU - SSA ,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5000_IAU

1991, Jan 18

Asteroid 1991 BA (H = 28.7 mag, D ≈ 8 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.44 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.36 LD.

See: 1991 BA - JPL , 1991 BA - SSA

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_BA

Ref:

- D. Steel, 1991, Nature, 354, 265, "Our asteroid-pelted planet". See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Natur.354..265S

- J.V. Scotti, D.L. Rabinowitz, B.G. Marsden, 1991, Nature, 354, 287, "Near miss of the Earth by a small asteroid."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Natur.354..287S

1991, Apr

D.L. Rabinowitz, 1991, Astronomical Journal, 101, 1518, "Detection of earth-approaching asteroids in near real time."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991AJ....101.1518R

1991, Apr 8

Asteroid 2012 UE34 (H = 23.1 mag, D ≈ 99 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.85 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.68 LD.

See: 2012 UE34 - JPL , 2012 UE34 - SSA

See also:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_UE34

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/951_Gaspra

Ref:

- J. Veverka, M. Belton, K. Klaasen, C. Chapman, 1994, Icarus, 107, 2, "Galileo's encounter with 951 Gaspra: overview."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Icar..107....2V

1991, Nov

G.L. Verschuur, 1991, Air and Space, vol. 6, Oct.-Nov. 1991, p. 88, "This target earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991AirSp...6...88V

1991, Nov 28

J.V. Scotti, D.L. Rabinowitz, B.G. Marsden, 1991, Nature, 354, 287, "Near miss of the earth by a small asteroid."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Natur.354..287S

1991, Dec

S.J. Ostro, 1991, Meteoritics, 26, 381, "Radar constraints on asteroid metal abundances and meteorite associations."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Metic..26R.381O

1991, Dec

A. Cellino, V. Zappalà, P. Farinella, 1991, Monthly Notices Royal Astronomical Society, 253, 561, "The size distribution of main-belt asteroids from IRAS data."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991MNRAS.253..561C

The IRAS data base on asteroid albedos and diameters has been used to derive size distributions for a set of ~ 4000 numbered main-belt asteroids.

1991, Dec

T. Gehrels, 1991, Space Science Reviews, 58, 347, "Scanning with charge-coupled devices."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991SSRv...58..347G

1992

E. Tollmann, A. Tollmann, 1992, Mitt. Österr. Geol. Ges., 84, 1, "The Flood Impact." On Tollmann's hypothetical bolide.

See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollmann's_hypothetical_bolide

1992

C. Sagan, 1992, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 48, 24, "Between enemies."

See: http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Carl_Sagan

1992, Jan

Workshop on Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids (2), Los Alamos (NM, USA). Proceedings: T. Gehrels, M.S. Matthews & A.M. Schumann (eds.), 1994, Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids (Tucson: Univ. Arizona Press).

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994hdtc.conf.....G http://www.ips.gov.au/IPSHosted/neo/info/refers/Bk_Hazards_Gehrels.htm

1992, Jan 10

Asteroid 2016 AH164 (H = 29.7 mag, D ≈ 5 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.77 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.0089 LD (= 0.53 R_Earth from the geocenter).

See: 2016 AH164- JPL , 2016 AH164- SSA

1992, Aug 7

R.P. Binzel, S. Xu, S.J. Bus, E. Bowell, 1992, Science, 257, 779, "Origins for the Near-Earth Asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Sci...257..779B

1992, Aug 17

Asteroid 2017 WN28, H = 19.8 mag, D ≈ 464 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 5.36 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.28 LD.

See: 2017 WN28 - JPL , 2017 WN28 - SSA

1992, Sep

Z. Ceplecha, 1992, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 263, 361, "Influx of interplanetary bodies onto earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992A%26A...263..361C

1992, Oct 9

Peekskill Fireball and Meteorite. A fireball was seen streaking across the sky from Kentucky to New York. At least 14 people captured part of the fireball on videotape. A 12-kilogram stony meteorite (chondrite) from the fireball fell in Peekskill (NY, USA), smashed the trunk of a parked automobile and came to rest beneath it.

Ref:

- Z. Ceplecha, P. Brown, R.L. Hawkes, 1994, Meteoritics, 29, 455, "Video observations of the Peekskill meteorite fireball: atmospheric trajectory and orbit."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Metic..29Q.455C

- P. Brown, Z. Ceplecha, R.L. Hawkes, et al., 1994, Nature, 367, 624, "The orbit and atmospheric trajectory of the Peekskill meteorite from video records."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.367..624B

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/meteors/impacts.html http://uregina.ca/~astro/mb_5.html http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/1535-when-space-attacks-6-craziest-meteor-impacts-history.html

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap021118.html http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap061119.html http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap110123.html

1992, Nov 23

J. Impocco, J.F. Podevin, 1992, Newsweek, 23 November 1992, Vol. 120, No. 21, "Doomsday science - New theories about comets, asteroids and how the world might end."

See: http://www.amazon.com/Newsweek-November-DOOMSDAY-THEORIES-ASTEROIDS/dp/B0054K8T0E

1992, Dec 3

T.J. Ahrens, A.W. Harris, 1992, Nature, 360, 429, "Deflection and fragmentation of near-Earth asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Natur.360..429A

1992, Dec 8

Asteroid 4179 Toutatis (1989 AC, H = 15.3 mag, D = 4.6×2.4×1.9 km, orbital P = 4.03 yr, PHA) passed Earth at 9.40 LD. Minimum miss distance 9.40 LD. It is the largest known PHA.

See: 1989 AC - JPL , 4179 Toutatis - SSA

Ref:

- R.S. Hudson, S.J. Ostro, D.J. Scheeres, 2003, Icarus, 161, 346, "High-resolution model of asteroid 4179 Toutatis."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Icar..161..346H

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4179_Toutatis

See also: 30 Nov 1996, 31 Oct 2000, 29 Sep 2004, 9 Nov 2008, 12 Dec 2012, 5 Nov 2069.

1993

NASA Planetary Astronomy Program Office begins ramp up of funding for NEO observations.

1993

Major L.N. Johnson, 1993, White Paper, presented to SPACECAST 2020, "Preparing for Planetary Defense: detection and interception of asteroids on collision course with Earth." In this paper the term Planetary Defense was coined.

See:

http://csat.au.af.mil/2020/index.htm http://www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/usaf/2020/app-r.htm

1993

Photographic asteroid and comet search project started by Timothy B. Spahr and C. Hergenrother (LPL, Univ. of Arizona). This project eventually evolved into the Catalina Sky Survey in 1998.

Ref:

- T.B. Spahr, C. Hergenrother, S.M. Larson, 1993, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 25, 1059, "High ecliptic latitude asteroid and comet search."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993DPS....25.1013S

1993

Arthur C. Clarke (1917-2008, UK/Sri Lanka), 1993, The Hammer of God (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd).

See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hammer_of_God

1993

R.A.F. Grieve, 1993, Vistas in Astronomy, 36, 203, "Impact craters: lessons from and for the Earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993VA.....36..203G

1993

F.E. Wickman, 1993, Swedish Geol. Journal, 115, 29, "Eight pound ball fell on the ship and killed two boatsmen." An eight-pound meteorite hit the Dutch VOC ship Malacca, sailing from Holland to Batavia (Java, Netherlands-Indies) in 1648, allegedly killing two sailors. Story based on book Reesa till Ostindien jempte een kort berättelse om konungerijket Japan (1674) by 17^th century Swedish historian-turned sailor Olof Eriksson Willman, who travelled the Netherlands-Indies in 1647 – 1653.

1993, Jan 7

C.F. Chyba, P.J. Thomas, K.J. Zahnle, 1993, Nature, 361, 40, "The 1908 Tunguska explosion: atmospheric disruption of a stony asteroid."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.361...40C

1993, Jan 7-12

Workshop on Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids (3), Tucson (AZ, USA). Proceedings: T. Gehrels, M.S. Matthews & A.M. Schumann (eds.), 1994, Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids (Tucson: Univ. Arizona Press).

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994hdtc.conf.....G http://www.ips.gov.au/IPSHosted/neo/info/refers/Bk_Hazards_Gehrels.htm

1993, Jan 19

Lugo Fireball and Airburst (Northern, Italy).

See:

http://www.ta3.sk/caosp/Eedition/FullTexts/vol24/pp117-124.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts

1993, Feb

P. Farinella, R. Gonczi, Ch. Froeschlé, C. Froeschlé, 1993, Icarus, 101, 174, "The injection of asteroid fragments into resonances." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Icar..101..174F

1993, Mar

J.G. Hills, M.P. Goda, 1993, Astronomical Journal, 105, 1114, "The fragmentation of small asteroids in the atmosphere."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993AJ....105.1114H

1993, Mar

European Science Foundation (ESF) initiates new scientific network "Impact Cratering and Evolution of Planet Earth." This led to the submission of a Research Networking Programme proposal in 1998, "Response of the Earth System to Impact Processes (IMPACT)", approved for five years, 1998 to 2002. Four workshops were held in 2002 – 2003."

See: http://www.esf.org/impact

1993, Mar 24

U.S. Congressional Hearing on NEOs and Planetary Defense: "The Threat of Large Earth-Orbit Crossing Asteroids."

See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/gov_earthasteroids_1.cfm

1993, Apr

D.L. Rabinowitz, 1993, Astrophysical Journal, 407, 412, "The size distribution of the Earth-approaching asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ApJ...407..412R

1993, Apr

J.C. Solem, 1993, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 30 (2), 222, "Interception of comets and asteroids on collision course with Earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JSpRo..30..222S

1993, May

Workshop on Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids (4), Erice (Italy). Proceedings: T. Gehrels, M.S. Matthews & A.M. Schumann (eds.), 1994, Hazards due to Comets and Asteroids (Tucson: Univ. Arizona Press).

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994hdtc.conf.....G http://www.ips.gov.au/IPSHosted/neo/info/refers/Bk_Hazards_Gehrels.htm

1993, May 20

Asteroid 1993 KA2 (H = 29.0 mag, D ≈ 7 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.39 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.39 LD.

See: 1993 KA2 - JPL , 1993 KA2 - SSA

1993, Jun 14-18

IAU Symposium No. 160 on Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, V, Belgirate (Italy). Proceedings: A. Milani, M. Di Martino & A. Cellino (eds.), 1994, Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1993 (Dordrecht: Kluwer).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994IAUS..160.....M

1993, Jun 24

C.F. Chyba, 1993, Nature, 363, 701, "Explosions of small Spacewatch objects in the Earth's atmosphere."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.363..701C

1993, Jun 24

D.L. Rabinowitz, T. Gehrels, J.V. Scotti, et al., 1993, Nature, 363, 704, "Evidence for a near-Earth asteroid belt."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.363..704R

1993, Jul

D. Morrison, 1993, in: Proc. IAF 43^rd International Astronautical Congress, Washington DC (USA), 28 August – 5 September 1992, Acta Astronautica, 30, 11, "An international program to protect the earth from impact catastrophe: Initial steps."

See: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/009457659390095E

1993, Aug 17

Tom Gehrels' Vainu Bappu Lecture, presented to the 6^th Asian-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting, 16-20 August, Pune (India). Ref.: T. Gehrels, 1995, J. Astrophys. Astr. Suppl., 16, 1, "The beauty and danger of comets and asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JApAS..16....1G

1993, Aug 28

NASA spacecraft Galileo flew by asteroid 243 Ida (H = 9.94 mag, D = 59.8 × 25.4 × 18.6 km, main-belt asteroid) at a distance of 10,300 km, and discovered binary component Dactyl (D = 1.4 km), orbiting Ida at a distance of 56 km.

See: 243 Ida - JPL , 243 Ida - SSA ,

Ref:

- E. Asphaug, 2004, in: M.J.S. Belton, et al. (eds.), Mitigation of Hazardous Comets and Asteroids (Cambridge: CUP), p. 66, "Interior structures for asteroids and cometary nuclei".

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004mhca.conf...66A

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/243_Ida

1993, Nov

P. Farinella, B. Chauvineau, 1993, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 279, 251, "On the evolution of binary Earth-approaching asteriods."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993A%26A...279..251F

1993, Nov

Z. Ceplecha, P. Spurný, J. Borovićka, J. Keclíková, 1993, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 279, 615, "Atmospheric fragmentation of meteoroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993A%26A...279..615C

1993, Nov 4

H.J. Melosh, I.V. Nemchinov, 1993, Nature, 366, 21, "Solar asteroid diversion."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.366...21M

1993, Dec

D.J. Asher, S.V.M. Clube, 1993, Quarterly Journal Royal Astronomical Society, 34, 481, "An extraterrestrial influence during the current Glacial-Interglacial."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993QJRAS..34..481A

1994

T. Gehrels, M.S. Matthews & A.M. Schumann (eds.), 1994, Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids (Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press). Proceedings of four Workshops in April/May 1991, January 1992, January 1993, and May 1993.

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994hdtc.conf.....G http://ips.gov.au/IPSHosted/neo/info/refers/Bk_Hazards_Gehrels.htm

1994

R.Z. Akhmetshin, V.V. Ivashkin, V.V. Smirnov, 1994, Astronomicheskij Vestnik, 28, 13, "An analysis of the possibility of asteroid hazard mitigation for the Earth by the impact of a spacecraft."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994AVest..28...13A

1994

D.J. Asher, S.V.M. Clube, W.M. Napier, D.I. Steel, 1994, Vistas in Astronomy, 38, 1, "Coherent catastrophism."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994VA.....38....1A

1994

E. Kristan-Tollmann, A. Tolmann, 1994, Terra Nova, 6, 209, "The youngest big impact on Earth deduced from geological and historical evidence."

See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollmann's_hypothetical_bolide

1994

A. Deutsch, C. Koeberl, J.D. Blum, et al., 1994, Terra Nova, 6, 644, "The impact-flood connection: does it exist?"

See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollmann's_hypothetical_bolide

1994, Jan

A.W. Harris, 1994, Icarus, 107, 209, "Tumbling asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Icar..107..209H

1994, Jan 6

C.R. Chapman, D.D. Morrison, 1994, Nature, 367, 33, "Impacts on the Earth by asteroids and comets: assessing the hazard."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.367...33C

1994, Jan 18

Cando Fireball and Airburst (Spain).

See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts

1994, Feb

P. Spurný, 1994, Planetary and Space Science, 42, 157, "Recent fireballs photographed in central Europe."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994P%26SS...42..157S

1994, Feb

US Congress House Committee on Science and Technology passed an amendment to NASA Authorization Bill directing NASA to report within a year with a programme to identify and catalogue, with help from the Department of Defense and space agencies of other countries, within 10 year, orbital characteristics of all comets and asteroids with D > 1 km and in an orbit that crosses Earth’s.

See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/gov_cong_hearings_1.cfm

1994, Feb 1

Marshall Islands Fireball and Airbursts. A large meteoroid impacted over the Pacific Ocean at 2.6° N, 164.1° E, 300 km south of Kosrae (Micronesia). The impact was observed by space-based infrared sensors operated by the U.S. Department of Defense and by visible wavelength sensors operated by the U.S. Department of Energy. During entry the object broke into several pieces, one of which detonated at 34 km and another at 21 km altitude. M ≈ 1.6×10⁵ kg - 4.4×10⁶ kg; D ≈ 4.4 - 13.5 m.

See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts

Ref:

- E. Tagliaferri, R. Spalding, C. Jacobs, Z. Ceplecha, 1995, Earth, Moon, and Planets, 68, 563, "Analysis of the Marshall Island Fireball of February 1, 1994."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995EM%26P...68..563T

- T.B. McCord, J. Morris, D. Persong, et al., 1995, Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, E2, 3245, "Detection of a meteoroid entry into the Earth's atmosphere on February 1, 1994."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JGR...100.3245M

- E. Tagliaferri, 1998, Mercury, 27, no.6, p.18, "Observation of meteoroid impacts by space-based sensors."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Mercu..27f..18T

1994, Mar 15

Asteroid 1994 ES1 (H = 28.6 mag, D ≈ 8 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.44 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.44 LD.

See: 1994 ES1 - JPL , 1994 ES1 - SSA

1994, Apr 7

C. Sagan, S.J. Ostro, 1994, Nature, 368, 501, "Dangers of asteroid deflection."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.368..501S

1994, May 18

Asteroid 2017 KJ32 (H = 28.9 mag, D ≈ 7 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 7.10 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.27 LD.

See: 2017 KJ32 - JPL , 2017 KJ32 - SSA

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mark-boslough/unforgettable-shoemakerle_b_2946407.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker-Levy_9

1994, Aug

W. Tedeschi, E. Teller, 1994, Space Policy, 10, 183, "A plan for worldwide protection against asteroid impacts."

See: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0265964694900671

1994, Aug 8-12

Meeting on Small Bodies in the Solar System and their interactions with the planets, Mariehamn (Finland), 8 - 12 August 1994. Proc: H. Rickman, M.J. Valtonen (eds.), 1996, Earth, Moon, Planets, 72, No. 1 - 3, "Worlds in interaction: small bodies and planets of the solar system."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996EM%26P...72.....R

1994, Aug 20

IAU XXII General Assembly, Den Haag (the Netherlands). The IAU Working Group on Near Earth Objects, chaired by Andrea Carusi, had a science meeting, and presented a report recommending that an international authority should take responsibility for NEO investigations and initiatives.

Ref:

- I. Appenzeller (ed.), 1996, Transactions IAU XXIIB, (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ.), IAU Commission 20 Report, p. 164, "Working Group Meeting 2 on Near-Earth Object Detection."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996IAUTB..22.....A

- J. Tate, 2000, Space Policy, 16, 261, "Avoiding collisions: the Spaceguard Foundation."

See: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265964600000369

1994, Sep 22

P. Farinella, Ch. Froeschlé, C. Froeschlé, R. Gonczi, G. Hahn, A. Morbidelli, G.B. Valsecchi, 1994, Nature, 371, 314, "Asteroids falling into the Sun."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.371..315F

1994, Sep 26-30

1^st International Conference on Space Protection of the Earth (SPE-94), Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation.

See: http://www.boulder.swri.edu/clark/ncarhist.html

1994, Oct

D.L. Rabinowitz, 1994, Icarus, 111, 364, "The size and shape of the near-Earth asteroid belt."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Icar..111..364R

1994, Nov

K. Yau, P. Weissman, D. Yeomans, 1994, Meteoritics, 29, 864, "Meteorite falls in China and some related human casualty events."

In February-March of the year 1490 a barrage of stones of 1 – 1.5 kg fell like rain in the Chíng-yang district of Shansi Province (China), killing more than 10,000 people.

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Metic..29..864Y

1994, Nov 24

Asteroid 1994 WR12 (H = 22.3 mag, D ≈ 149 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.85 LD. Minimum miss distance 1.85 LD.

See: 1994 WR12 - JPL , 1994 WR12 - SSA

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_WR12

1994, Dec 17

S. Rozendaal, 1994, Elsevier, 17 december 1994, "De catastrophe. Waarom de dino's uitstierven en de mens ontstond."

1995

D. Steel, 1995, Rogue Asteroids and Doomsday Comets: the Search for the Million Megaton Menace that Threatens Life on Earth (New York: Wiley). With a foreword by Arthur C. Clarke.

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995radc.book.....S

Review: D. Morrison, 1997, Physics Today, 50, 65.

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PhT....50Q..65M

1995

The (1.0/1.2m) Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program (SCAP) of the Beijing Astronomical Observatory put in practice, a NEO search telescope in operation at the Xuyu Station of the Purple Mountain Observatory, 120 km north of Nanjing (China).

Ref:

- Y. Ma, H. Zhao, D. Yao, 2007, in: A. Milani, G.B. Valsecchi & D. Vokrouhlický (eds.), Proc. IAU Symposium No. 236 on Near Earth Objects, our Celestial Neighbors: Opportunity and Risk, Prague (Czech Republic), 14-18 August 2006 (Cambridge: CUP), p. 381, "NEO search telescope in China."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997IAUJD...6E..24Z

1995

SPACECAST 2020, "Preparing for planetary defense: detection and interception of asteroids on collision course with Earth."

See: http://csat.au.af.mil/2020/papers/app-r.pdf

1995

D.I. Steel, R.H. McNaught, C.J. Garradd, et al., 1995, in: J. Chapman, R. Cannon & B. Hidayat (eds.), Proc. IAU Colloquium No. 148 on The Future Utilisation of Schmidt Telescopes, Bandung (Indonesia), 7-11 March 1994, ASP Conf. Series, 84, 159, "Searching for Near-Earth Asteroids with the UK Schmidt telescope at the AAO."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ASPC...84..159S

1995, Jan

J.G. Hills, P.J.T. Leonard, 1995, Astronomical Journal, 109, 401, "Earth-crossing asteroids: the last days before earth impact."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995AJ....109..401H

1995, Jan

K. Muionen, E. Bowell, K. Lumme, 1995, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 293, 948, "Interrelating asteroid size, albedo, and magnitude distributions." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995A%26A...293..948M

1995, Jan

Hanover Fireball (Germany).

See: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap960226.html

1995, Mar

S. Mottola, G. de Angelis, M. di Martino, et al., 1995, in: Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 26, 1003, "The EUNEASO photometric follow-up program."

See http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995LPI....26.1003M

1995, Apr

R.P. Binzel, 1995, Planetary Report, 15, no. 2, p. 8, "Near-Earth objects: friends or foes?"

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995PlR....15b...8B

1995, Apr

D.I. Steel, 1995, Monthly Notices Royal Astronomical Society, 273, 1091, "Collisions in the Solar System. VI. Terrestrial impact probabilities for the known asteroid population."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995MNRAS.273.1091S

1995, Apr 24-26

United Nations international conference on Near Earth Objects. Proceedings: J.L. Remo (ed.), 1997, Near-Earth Objects: the United Nations International Conference, Annals New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 822 (New York: NY Academy of Sciences). See:

http://neutrino.aquaphoenix.com/un-esa/neo.html http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119150668/issue

1995, May 22-26

Planetary Defense Workshop: An International Technical Meeting on Active Defense of the Terrestrial Biosphere from Impacts by Large Asteroids and Comets, Livermore (CA, USA). Proceedings: LLNL CONF-9505266. Report by Peter Tyson.

See: https://str.llnl.gov/str/News895.html

1995, Jun

D. Steel, 1995, The Observatory, 115, 136, "Tunguska and the Kagarlyk meteorite."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Obs...115..136S

1995, Jun

Report of the NASA Near Earth Objects Survey Working Group, E.M Shoemaker (ed.), 1995 (Washington DC: NASA Office of Space Science, Solar System Exploration Office). Released with a programme to meet Congress’ requirements, delivered to Congress 9 Aug 1995. Recommends NASA, USAF and international collaboration to provide two dedicated 2-m discovery telescopes, use of two existing 1 m telescopes for survey and follow-up, enhanced funding to obtain roughly half time on a 3 – 4 m telescopes for physical observation, and Minor Planet Center enhancements.

See:

http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/downloads/neosurvey.pdf http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=94

1995, Jun 24

Asteroid 170086 (2002 XR14, H = 17.9 mag, D ≈ 1093 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.26 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.26 LD.

See: 2002 XR14 - JPL , 2002 XR14 - SSA

1995, Jul

V.V. Svetsov, E.V. Nemtchinov, A.V. Teterev, 1995, Icarus, 116, 131, " Disintegration of large meteoroids in Earth's atmosphere: theoretical models."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Icar..116..131S

1995, Aug

S.I. Ipatov, 1995, Solar System Research, 29, 261, "Migration of small bodies to Earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995SoSyR..29..261I

1995, Aug

D. Steel, 1995, Proceedings Astronomical Society of Australia, 12 (2), 202, "Asteroid discovery efficiencies for telescope systems at Siding Spring."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995PASA...12..202S

1995, Sep

Ch. Froeschlé, G. Hahn, R. Gonczi, et al., 1995, Icarus, 117, 45, "Secular resonances and the dynamics of Mars-crossing and Near-Earth asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Icar..117...45F

1995, Sep

M. Beech, D. Steel, 1995, Quarterly Journal Royal Astronomical Society, 3, 281, "On the definition of the term Meteoroid."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995QJRAS..36..281B

1995, Sep

R.P. Binzel, 1995, Meteoritics, 30, 486, "Forging new links in the asteroid-meteorite connection."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Metic..30Q.486B

1995, Sep

P. Hammerling, J.L. Remo, 1995, Acta Astronautica, 36, 337, "NEO interaction with nuclear radiation."

See: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0094576595001115

1995, Sep

D.A. Kring, H.J. Melosh, D.M. Hunten, 1995, Meteoritics, 30(5), 530, "Possible climatic perturbations produced by impacting asteroids and comets."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Metic..30T.530K

1995, Sep

S. Mottola, G. de Angelis, M. di Martino, 1995, Icarus, 117, 62, "The Near-Earth Objects follow-up program: first results."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Icar..117...62M

1995, Sep

C. Koeberl, W.U. Reimold, D. Brandt, C.W. Poag, 1995, Meteoritics, 30(5), 528, "Chesapeake Bay crater, Virginia: confirmation of impact origin."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Metic..30R.528K

1995, Sep

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) position paper Responding to the Potential Threat of a Near-Earth-Object Impact, prepared by its Space Systems Technical Committee and its Systems Engineering Technical Committee. See: http://pdf.aiaa.org/downloads/publicpolicypositionpapers/NearEarth-1995.pdf

1995, Sep 18-22

IAU Working Group on Near Earth Objects Workshop, Vulcano (Italy), Beginning the Spaceguard Survey. The Workshop participants agreed to set up a Spaceguard Foundation, which materialized on 26 September 1996, in Rome. The Spaceguard Central Node (SCN), hosted by ESA at ESRIN (Frascati, Italy) is a web site of The Spaceguard Foundation. Since 2002, the SCN is supporting ESA’s Science Programme in all issues related to NEOs.

Ref:

- J. Tate, 2000, Space Policy, 16, 261, "Avoiding collisions: the Spaceguard Foundation."

See: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265964600000369 See also:

http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/~marsden/SGF/Vulcano/programme.ps http://spaceguard.iasf-roma.inaf.it/SGF/history.html http://www.esa.int/esaMI/NEO/SEMS58OVGJE_0.html

1995, Oct

D. Morrison, 1995, Astronomy, 23, No. 10, p. 34, "Target: Earth!" See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Ast....23...34M

1995, Nov

D. Steel, 1995, Australian Journal of Astronomy, 6 (3), 87, "The death of the dinosaurs and protection of humankind from asteroid impacts: the first suggestion?"

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995AuJA....6...87S

1995, Dec

B.J. Gladman, J.A. Burns, M.J. Duncan, H.F. Levison, 1995, Icarus, 118, 302, "The dynamical evolution of lunar impact ejecta.."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Icar..118..302G

1995, Dec

D. Steel, 1995, WGN, Journal of the International Meteor Organization, 23, 207, "Two "Tunguskas" in South America in the 1930's?"

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JIMO...23..207S

1995, Dec

Near Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) program run by NASA and JPL to discover NEOs, from December 1995 to April 2007. The project employed two telescopes, on Maui (1m GEODSS telescope, HI, USA) and Mt. Palomar (1.2m Schmidt, CA, USA). Ref:

- S.H. Pravdo, D.L. Rabinowitz, E.F. Helin, et al., 1999, Astronomical Journal, 117, 1616, "The Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) program: an automated system for telescope control, wide-field imaging, and object detection."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999AJ....117.1616P

- E.F Helin, S.H. Pravdo, D.L. Rabinowitz, K.J. Lawrence, 1997, in: J.L. Remo (ed.), Proc. Near-Earth Objects: the United Nations International Conference, New York (NY, USA), 24-26 April 1995, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 822, 6, "Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) Program."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997NYASA.822....6H

1996

W.F. Bottke, M.C. Nolan, H.J. Melosh, 1996, in: T.W. Rettig & J.M. Hahn (eds.), Completing the inventory of the Solar System, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Proceedings, 107, 3, "Provenance of the Spacewatch Small Earth--Approaching Asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ASPC..107....3B

1996

V. Clube, B. Napier, 1996, Catastrophes and comets. The destroyers of cosmic faith, (Singapore: World Scientific).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ccdc.book.....C

1996

D.W. Cox, J.H. Chestek, 1996, Doomsday asteroid: can we survive? (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996QB377.C69......

1996

P. Farinella, 1996, Meteorite, 2, 8, "Chaotic routes between the asteroid belt and Earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Met.....2....8F

1996

S. Hawking, 1996, Life in the Universe.

See: http://hawking.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65

1996

G.L. Verschuur, 1996, Impact! The Threat of Comets and Asteroids (Oxford: OUP).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996itca.book.....V

1996, Jan

T.H. Burbine, R.P. Binzel, S.J. Bus, J.M. Sunshine, 1996, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 31, A24, "Spectroscopy of Near-Earth Asteroids: new results."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996M%26PSA..31R..24B

1996, Jan 11-14

Fifth United Nations/European Space Agency Workshop on Basic Space Science: From Small Telescopes to Space Missions, hosted by the Arthur C. Clarke Center for Modern Technology on behalf of the Government of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Report (A/AC.105/640, 14 May 1996) resolves that an international network of telescopes under UN aegis is needed for NEO searching and tracking.

See: http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/reports/ac105/AC105_640E.pdf

1996, Feb

S.V.M. Clube, 1996, Earth, Moon and Planets, 72, 433, "Evolution, punctuational crises and the threat to civilization." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996EM%26P...72..433C

1996, Feb

T. Gehrels, R. Jedicke, 1996, Earth, Moon, and Planets, 72, 233, "The population of near-Earth objects discovered by Spacewatch."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996EM%26P...72..233G

See also:

http://spacewatch.lpl.arizona.edu/

1996, Feb

R.A.F. Grieve, L.J. Pesonen, 1996, Earth, Moon and Planets, 72, 357, "Terrestrial impact craters: their spatial and temporal distribution and impacting bodies."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996EM%26P...72..357G

1996, Feb

R. Jedicke, 1996, Astronomical Journal, 111, 970, "Detection of Near Earth Asteroids based upon their rates of motion."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AJ....111..970J

1996, Feb

M. Menichella, P. Paolicchi, P. Farinella, 1996, Earth, Moon and Planets, 72, 133, "The Main Belt as a source of Near-Earth Asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996EM%26P...72..133M

1996, Feb

P. Michel, Ch. Froeschlé, P. Farinella, 1996, Earth, Moon, and Planets, 72, 151, "Dynamical evolution of NEAs: close encounters, secular perturbations and resonances."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996EM%26P...72..151M

1996, Feb

J. Remo, 1996, Space Policy, 12, 13, "Policy perspectives from the UN international conference on near-Earth objects."

See: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0265964695000348

1996, Feb 17

Launch of NASA spacecraft Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous – Shoemaker (NEAR – Shoemaker), a mission to rendezvous with near-Earth asteroid 433 Eros (1898 DQ, H = 11.16 mag, D = 34.4 × 11.2× 11.2 km, orbital P = 1.76 yr) on 12 February 2001.

See: http://near.jhuapl.edu/media/NEAR_fact_sheet.pdf

1996, Mar

M. Boslough, 1996, Skeptical Inquirer, Vol. 20.2, March/April 1996, "Scientific knowledge is money in the bank."

See: http://www.csicop.org/si/show/scientific_knowledge_is_money_in_the_bank

1996, Mar

T. Gehrels, 1996, Scientific American, 274, 34, "Collisions with comets and asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996SciAm.274c..34G

1996, Mar

I. Halliday, A.A. Griffin, A.T. Blackwell, 1996, Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 31, 185, "Detailed data for 259 fireballs from the Canadian camera network and inferences concerning the influx of large meteoroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996M%26PS...31..185H

1996, Mar

A.W. Harris, 1996, Lunar and Planetary Institute Science Conference Abstracts, 27, 493, "The rotation rates of very small asteroids: evidence for 'Rubble Pile' structure."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996LPI....27..493H

1996, Mar

J.C. Solem, J.G. Hills, 1996, Astronomical Journal, 111, 1382, "Shaping of Earth-crossing asteroids by tidal forces."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AJ....111.1382S

1996, Mar 1

C. Koeberl, C.W. Poag, W.U. Reimold, D. Brandt, 1996, Science, 271, 1263, "Impact origin of the Chesapeake Bay structure and the source of the North American tektites."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Sci...271.1263K

1996, Mar 20

Presentation by Adriane C. Ocampo at the 27^th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 18 – 22 March 1996 in Houston (TX, USA) on a chain of impact craters in Chad suggested by space-borne radar images, possibly caused by a large, fragmented comet or asteroid similar to the Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet that slammed into Jupiter in 1994. The craters were discovered in radar images of the Earth taken by the Spaceborne Imaging Radar C/X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) that flew on the Space Shuttle Endeavour in April and October of 1994.

Ref:

- A.C. Campo, K.O., Pope, 1996, Lunar and Planetary Science, 27, 977, "Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-C) images reveal multiple impact craters at Aorounga, Northern Chad."

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996LPI....27..977O http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=81

1996, Mar 20

Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (Strasbourg, France), Resolution 1080: "On the detection of asteroids and comets potentially dangerous to mankind", invited governments of member states and the European Space Agency (ESA) to give the necessary support to an international program to detect NEOs that are potentially dangerous to mankind and to develop a strategy for remedies against possible impacts.

See:

http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~marsden/SGF/resol.html http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=82

1996, Mar 26

Inauguration of the Spaceguard Foundation (SGF), Rome (Italy), founded by E. Shoemaker, D. Steel, A. Carusi and the IAU WG-NEO. The SGF is located at the ESA Centre for Earth Observations (ESRIN) in Frascati (Italy).

See:

http://spaceguard.iasf-roma.inaf.it/SGF/history.html http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~marsden/SGF/

http://spaceguard.esa.int

1996, Apr

T. Gehrels, 1996, The Observatory, 116, 104, " Dinosauritis."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Obs...116..104G

1996, Apr

P. Michel, P. Farinella, Ch. Froeschlé, 1996, Nature, 380, 689, "The orbital evolution of the asteroid Eros and implications for collision with the Earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Natur.380..689M

1996, May 14

Massive asteroid 1996 JA1 (H = 21.0 mag, D ≈ 200 m, PHA) discovered by Timothy B. Spahr on photographic plates at the University of Arizona.

Ref:

- T. Spahr, D.J. Tholen, M. Hicks, J. Collins, 1996, IAU Circ. 6402, "1996 JA1."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996IAUC.6402....1S

- T.B. Spahr, C.W. Hergenrother, S.M. Larson, et al., 1997, Icarus, 129, 415, "The discovery and physical characteristics of 1996 JA1."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Icar..129..415S

1996, May 19

Asteroid 1996 JA1 (H = 21.0 mag, D ≈ 200 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.18 LD. Minimum miss distance 1.18 LD.

See: 1996 JA1- JPL , 1996 JA1 - SSA

1996, Jul

N.W. Harris, M.E. Bailey, 1996, Irish Astronomical Journal, 1996, 23(2), 151, "The cometary component of the Near-Earth Object population."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996IrAJ...23..151H

1996, Jul 8-12

International conference on Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, VI, Versailles (France). Proc.: A.V. Levasseur-Regourd & M. Fulchignoni (eds.), Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1996, I: 1996, Planetary and Space Science, 45, No. 5; II: 1997, Planetary and Space Science, 45 No.7; III: 1997, Planetary and Space Science, 45, No.12; Planetary and Space Science, 46, No.8.

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997P%26SS...45.....L http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998P%26SS...46..835L

1996, Jul 15-17

International conference Tunguska '96, Bologna (Italy).

See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=88

1996, Jul 28

T. Mallon, 8 July 1996, New York Times Magazine, "The asteroids are coming! The asteroids are coming!

See: http://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/28/magazine/the-asteroids-are-coming-the-asteroids-are-coming.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm

1996, Aug

W.F. Bottke, M.C. Nolan, H.J. Melosh, 1996, Icarus, 122, 406, "Origin of the Spacewatch small Earth-approaching asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Icar..122..406B

1996, Aug 16

R.P. Binzel, S.J. Bus, Th.H. Burbine, J.M. Sunshine, 1996, Science, 273, 946, "Spectral properties of Near-Earth Asteroids: evidence for sources of ordinary chondrite meteorites."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Sci...273..946B

1996, Aug 16

D.S. McKay, E.K. Gibson, K.L. Thomas-Keprta, et al., 1996, Science, 273, 924, "Search for past life on Mars: possible relic biogenic activity in Martian meteorite ALH84001."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Sci...273..924M

1996, Sep

P. Michel, C. Froeschle, P. Farinella, 1996, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 313, 993, "Dynamical evolution of two near-Earth asteroids to be explored by spacecraft: (433) Eros and (4660) Nereus."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996A%26A...313..993M

1996, Sep 23-27

2^nd International Conference on Space Protection of the Earth (SPE-96), Snezhinsk/Chelyabinsk (Russian Federation).

See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=87

1996, Oct

P.M. Sforza, J.L. Remo, 1996, Acta Astronautica, 39, 517, "Propulsion options for missions to near-Earth objects."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AcAau..39..517S

1996, Oct

J.M. Urias, I.M. DeAngelis, D.A. Ahern, et al., 1996, paper presented to Air Force 2025, "Planetary Defense:

catastrophic health insurance for planet Earth."

See: http://csat.au.af.mil/2025/volume3/vol3ch16.pdf

1996, Oct

Start of the OCA-DLR Asteroid Survey (O.D.A.S.), to search for asteroids and comets with emphasis on NEO's, operated from October 1996 to April 1999 by the Observatoire de Côte d'Azur (OCA, Nice, France) and the DLR – Institute of Planetary Research (Berlin-Adlershof, Germany), in the framework of the EUNEASO project. Five NEAs were discovered.

See:

http://earn.dlr.de/odas/

http://earn.dlr.de/euneaso.htm

1996, Oct 20

The Japanese Spaceguard Association (JSGA) officially founded. Plans for the future involved two 1-m class ground-based NEO telescopes in Japan and a 30-cm NEO telescope on the Moon. A 1-m wide-field telescope for NEO detection became operational in 2002, and observes NEOs down to v = 20.5 since 2006.

Ref: SGF Information Bulletin No. 1997/01, May 22, 1997, Item 7.

1996, Oct 21

Space Shield Foundation established in Russia.

See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=91

1996, Nov

A.W. Harris, 1996, Mercury, 25, no.6, p.12, "Can we defend Earth against impacts by comets and small asteroids?"

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Mercu..25f..12H

1996, Nov 12

Founding of Spaceguard UK, set up to promote UK NEO activities. The UK Spaceguard Centre is located at Knighton (Powys, Wales, UK).

See:

http://www.spaceguarduk.com/ http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/reports/ac105/AC105_863Add1E.pdf

1996, Nov 22

Honduras bolide. Fireball over San Luis (Honduras). Estimated initial diameter D ≈ 2 m. No meteorites were recovered.

Ref:

- NN, 1997, Sky & Telescope, 93, 12, "A hit in Honduras?";

- J. Borovička, C.M. Pineda de Carías, A. Ocampo, et al., 1999, in: W.J. Baggaley & V. Porubcan (eds.), Meteoroids 1998, Proc. Int. Conf., Tatranska Lomnica (Slovakia), 17-21 August 1998 (Slovak Academy of Sciences: Astronomical Institute), "About a big fireball seen in Honduras."

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999md98.conf..139B http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=69

1996, Nov 30

Asteroid 4179 Toutatis (1989 AC, H = 15.3 mag, D = 4.6×2.4×1.9 km, orbital P = 4.03 yr, PHA) passed Earth at 13.79 LD. It is the largest known PHA.

See: 1989 AC - JPL , 4179 Toutatis - SSA

8 Dec 1992, 31 Oct 2000, 29 Sep 2004, 9 Nov 2008, 12 Dec 2012, 5 Nov 2069.

1996, Dec

P.A. Bland, T.B. Smith, A.J.T. Jull, et al., 1996, Monthly Notices Royal Astronomical Society, 283, 551, "The flux of meteorites to the Earth over the last 50 000 years."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996MNRAS.283..551B

1996, Dec

A. Tollman, 1996, Astronomie + Raumfahrt in Unterricht, 33 (6), 12, "Ein Komet – Ursache der Sintflut."

See: http://www.fachportal-paedagogik.de/fis_bildung/suche/fis_set.html?FId=405749

1997

The survey project Lincoln NEA Research (LINEAR), a MIT Lincoln Laboratory program funded by the US Air Force and NASA, began operations with robotic telescopes and fast read-out CCD. Two LINEAR 1-m telescopes (White Sands Missile Range, Socorro, NM, USA) observe the sky five times per night. A third telescope is used for confirmation of NEO orbits, down to v = 20 mag. As of 31 December 2007, LINEAR had detected 2019 NEAs and 236 comets.

Ref:

- G.H. Stokes, J.B. Evans, H.E.M. Viggh, et al., 2000, Icarus, 148, 21, "Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR)."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Icar..148...21S

1997

Spanish Meteor and Fireball Network. Operations started in 2004 using high-resolution all-sky CCD camera's and video systems at stations (25 by 2010) located around the Mediterranean coast. Ref:

- J.M. Trigo-Rodríguez, A.J. Castro-Tirado, J. Llorca, et al., 2004, Earth, Moon, and Planets, 95, 553, "The development of the Spanish Fireball Network using a new all-sky CCD system." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004EM%26P...95..553T

- J.M. Trigo-Rodríguez, J. Llorca, A.J. Castro-Tirado, et al., 2006, Astronomy & Geophysics, 47, 6.26, "The Spanish fireball network."

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A%26G....47f..26T http://www.spmn.uji.es/ENG/presentation.html http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-4004.2006.47626.x/pdf

1997

W. Alvarez, 1997, T. rex and the Crater of Doom (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press).

See:

http://press.princeton.edu/titles/6029.html http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997S%26T....94f..78A

1997

A. Boattini, A. Carusi, 1997, Vistas in Astronomy, 41, 527, "Atens: importance among Near-Earth Asteroids and search strategies."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997VA.....41..527B

1997

M.B. Gerrard, A.W. Barber, 1997, New York University Environmental Law Journal, 6, 1, "Asteroids and comets: U.S. and international law and the lowest-probability, highest consequence risk."

See: http://www1.law.nyu.edu/journals/envtllaw/issues/vol6/1/6nyuelj4.html

1997

J.S. Lewis, 1997, Rain of iron and ice: the very real threat of comet and asteroid bombardment (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997S%26T....93a..64L

1997

D. Morrison, 1997, in: Y. Terzian & E. Bilson (eds.), Carl Sagan's Universe (Cambridge: CUP), p. 75, "Impacts and life: living in a risky planetary system."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997csu..book...75M

1997, Jan

J.G. Hills, M.P. Goda, 1997, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 32, A60, "The largest mass of nickel-iron meteorites."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997M%26PSA..32R..60H

1997, Jan

D.I. Steel, 1997, Irish Astronomical Journal, 1997, 24(1), 19, "Project Spaceguard: will humankind go the way of the dinosaurs?"

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997IrAJ...24...19S

1997, Feb

O. Hernius, C.-I. Lagerkvist, M. Lindgren, G. Tancredi, G.V. Williams, 1997, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 318, 631, "UESAC - the Uppsala-ESO survey of asteroids and comets."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997A%26A...318..631H

1997, Feb

O.B. Toon, K. Zahnle, D. Morrison, et al., 1997, Reviews of Geophysics, 35, 41, "Environmental perturbations caused by the impacts of asteroids and comets."

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997RvGeo..35...41T http://www.agu.org/journals/ABS/1997/96RG03038.shtml

1997, Feb 15

Juancheng Superbolide, a fireball occurring over Shandong Province (China). The fireball was observed by IR detectors in Earth orbit. The meteoroid was thoroughly fragmented, yielding >1000 individual pieces of more than 100 kg in total. Initial meteoroid mass 4000 - 9000 kg, and 130 - 170 cm in diameter. Ref:

- J.F. Wacker, A.R. Hildebrand, P. Brown, D. Crawford, M.B.E. Boslough, et al., 1998, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 33, A160, "The Juancheng and El Paso superbolides of February 15 and October 9, 1997: pre-atmospheric meteoroid sizes."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998M%26PSA..33..160W

1997, Apr

W.F. Bottke, D.C. Richardson, S.G. Love, 1997, Icarus, 126, 470, "Can tidal disruption of asteroids make crater chains on the Earth and Moon?"

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Icar..126..470B

1997, Apr 24

J.S. Lewis, 1997, Rain of iron and ice: the very real threat of comet and asteroid bombardment (Helix Books).

See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Lewis

1997, Apr 25

Asteroid 2017 SA20 (H = 28.2 mag, D ≈ 10 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 6.78 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.57 LD.

See: 2017 SA20 - JPL , 2017 SA20 - SSA

Ref:

- A.F. Cheng, 1997, Space Science reviews, 82, 3, "Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous: mission overview."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997SSRv...82....3C

- A.F. Cheng, A.G. Santo, K.J. Heeres, et al., 1997, Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, E10, p. 23695, "Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous: mission overview."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JGR...10223695C

- D.K. Yeomans, J.-P. Barriot, D.W. Dunham, et al., 1997, Science, 278, 2106, "Estimating the mass of asteroid 253 Mathilde from tracking data during the NEAR flyby."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Sci...278.2106Y

- E. Asphaug, 2004, in: M.J.S. Belton, et al. (eds.), Mitigation of Hazardous Comets and Asteroids (Cambridge: CUP), p. 66, "Interior structures for asteroids and cometary nuclei".

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004mhca.conf...66A

1997, Jul

Z. Ceplecha, R.E. McCrosky, 1997, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 32, A157, "Prairie Network fireballs: data on height, distance and brightness for each measured time-mark."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997M%26PSA..32..157C

1997, Jul

R. Bottomley, R. Grieve, D. York, V. Masaitis, 1997, Nature, 388, 365, "The age of the Popigai impact event and its relation to events at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.388..365B

1997, Jul

D.A. Kring, 1997, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 32, 517, "Air blast produced by the Meteor Crater impact event and a reconstruction of the affected environment."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997M%26PS...32..517K

1997, Jul 11

B.J. Gladman, F. Migliorini, A. Morbidelli, V. Zappala, P. Michelle, et al., 1997, Science, 277, 197, "Dynamical lifetimes of objects injected into asteroid belt resonances."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Sci...277..197G

1997, Aug

B.G. Marsden, 1997, Planetary and Space Science, 45, 1049, "Obituary – Eugene M. Shoemaker (1928 – 1997)."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997P%26SS...45.1049M

1997, Sep

J.S. Lewis, 1997, Mining the sky: untold riches from the asteroids, comets, and planets (New York: Perseus Publishing).

See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Lewis

1997, Sep

V. Zappalà, A. Cellino, M. di Martino, et al., 1997, Icarus, 129, 1, "Maria's family: physical structure and possible implications for the origin of giant NEAs."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Icar..129....1Z

1997, Oct

H.J. Melosh, E.V. Ryan, 1997, Icarus, 129, 562, "Asteroids: shattered but not dispersed."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Icar..129..562M

1997, Oct 9

El Paso superbolide. A large fireball seen at daylight from Chihuahua (Mexico) moving north to detonate east of El Paso (TX, USA). Recorded by satellite systems, seismographs, infrasound arrays and numerous video and still photographers. The terminal disaggregation energy released corresponds to a body of ~2 m and total mass of M ≈ 15,000 kg.

See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=80

Ref:

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998M%26PSA..33..160W

1997, Oct 20

US Department of Defense Clementine II mission to test technologies for interception of asteroids has fallen victim to a line-item veto: US President Clinton deleted $30M in funding for Clementine II from the FY1998 budget. Clementine II was supposed to fly by asteroids 4179 Toutatis and 1986 JK in the year 2000 and possibly to deliver impact probes.

See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=74

1997, Nov 27

J. Smit, 1997, Nature, 390, 340, "Extraterrestrial impacts: the big splash". Comments on Gersonde et al. (1997), see below.

See: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v390/n6658/full/390340b0.html http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7158/full/449001b.html

1997, Nov 27

R. Gersonde, F.T. Kyte, U. Bleil, 1997, Nature, 390, 357, "Geological record and reconstruction of the late Pliocene impact of the Eltanin asteroid in the Southern Ocean."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.390..357G

1997, Dec

C. de Jager, 2012, Zenit, 24, 520, "De dood van de dinosauriërs." See: http://www.dekoepel.nl/zenit/dooddinos.html

1997, Dec

P. Pravec, M. Wolf, L. Sarounova, et al., 1997, Icarus, 130, 275, "The Near-Earth Objects follow-up program. II. Results for 8 asteroids from 1982 to 1996"

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Icar..130..275P

1997, Dec

D.L. Rabinowitz, 1997, Icarus, 127, 33, "Are main-belt asteroids a sufficient source for the Earth-approaching asteroids?"

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Icar..127...33R

1997, Dec

D.L. Rabinowitz, 1997, Icarus, 130, 287, "Are main-belt asteroids a sufficient source for the Earth-approaching asteroids?"

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Icar..130..287R

1997, Dec

D.I. Steel, 1997, Planetary and Space Science, 45, 1501, "The ABC of ACM: asteroids, Buffon and comets."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997P%26SS...45.1501S

1997, Dec 9

Greenland Fireball and Airburst / Superbolide. Fireball seen at night 150 km south of Nuuk (Greenland), by ground- and satellite-based cameras. Estimated initial NEA mass M ≈ 36,000 kg. No meteorites were recovered.

See:

http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=80

http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/text/9712.greenland/9712.greenland.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts

Ref:

- H. Pedersen, R.E. Spalding, E. Tagliaferri, et al., 2001, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 36, 549, "Greenland superbolide event of 1997 December 9."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001M%26PS...36..549P

1997, Dec 19

E. Asphaug, 1997, Science, 278, 2070, "New views of asteroids." See:

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/278/5346/2070.short http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Sci...278.2070A

1998

First asteroid discovered by Lowell Observatory NEO Search (LONEOS), initiated by E.L.G. Bowell. The 0.6m telescope project, funded by NASA, was terminated at the end of February 2008. LONEOS discovered 288 NEOs.

See:

http://www2.lowell.edu/users/elgb/loneos_disc.html

http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/programs/loneos.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Observatory_Near-Earth-Object_Search

1998

T. Gehrels, 1998, Meteorite, 4, 18, "Detection of asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Met.....4Q..18G

1998

T. Gehrels, 1998, Meteorite, 4, 18, "Detection of asteroids, Part 2." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Met.....4R..18G

1998

J.G. Hills, M.P. Goda, 1998, Science of Tsunami Hazards, 16, 3, "Tsunami from asteroid and comet impacts: the vulnerability of Europe."

See: http://library.lanl.gov/tsunami/00394718.pdf

1998

C.L. Mader, 1998, Science of Tsunami Hazards, 16, 11, "Asteroid tsunami inundation of Japan."

See: http://library.lanl.gov/tsunami/00394718.pdf

1998

C.L. Mader, 1998, Science of Tsunami Hazards, 16, 17, "Modeling the Eltanin asteroid tsunami."

See: http://library.lanl.gov/tsunami/00394718.pdf

1998

D.A. Crawford, C.L. Mader, 1998, Science of Tsunami Hazards, 16, 21, "Modeling asteroid impact and tsunami."

See: http://library.lanl.gov/tsunami/00394718.pdf

1998, Jan

J. Oberst, S. Molau, D. Heinlein, et al., 1998, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 33, 49, "The 'European Fireball Network': current status and future prospects."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998M%26PS...33...49O

1998, Jan

D.F. Lupishko, M. di Martino, 1998, Planetary and Space Science, 46, 47, "Physical properties of near-Earth asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998P%26SS...46...47L

1998, Jan

D.P. Rubincam, 1998, Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, E1, 1725, "Yarkovsky thermal drag on small asteroids and Mars-Earth delivery."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JGR...103.1725R

1998, Feb

J.G. Hills, M.P. Goda, 1998, in: Proc. Intern. Workshop Tunguska 96, Planetary and Space Science, 46, 219, "Damage from the impacts of small asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998P%26SS...46..219H

1998, Feb

A.W. Harris, 1998, Icarus, 131, 291, "A thermal model for Near-Earth Asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Icar..131..291H

1998, Feb

A.W. Harris, 1998, in: Proc. Intern. Workshop Tunguska 96, Planetary and Space Science, 46, 283, "Evaluation of ground-based optical surveys for near-Earth asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998P%26SS...46..283H

1998, Feb

A. Montanari, A. Campo Bagatin, P. Farinella, 1998, in: Proceedings International Workshop Tunguska 96, Planetary and Space Science, 46, 271, "Earth cratering record and impact energy flux in the last 150 Ma."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998P%26SS...46..271M

1998, Feb

K. Muinonen, 1998, in: Proceedings International Workshop Tunguska 96, Planetary and Space Science, 46, 291, "Discovery and follow-up simulations for small Earth-crossing asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998P%26SS...46..291M

1998, Feb-Mar

N.V. Vasilyev, 1998, Planetary and Space Science, 46, 129, "The Tunguska Meteorite problem today."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998P%26SS...46..129V

1998, Feb 14

Asteroid 1998 DK36 (H = 25.0 mag, D ≈ 42 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.41 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.38 LD.

See: 1998 DK36 - JPL , 1998 DK36 - SSA

See also:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_DK36

1998, Mar 11

B.G. Marsden, 1998, IAU Circular 6837, "1997 XF11."

See:

http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/06800/06837.html#Item2 http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/pressinfo/1997XF11.html

IAU Circular 6837 contained the (later corrected) assertion of a possible impact on Earth by asteroid 35396 (1997 XF11, H = 16.8 mag, D ≈ 1860 m, PHA) on 26 Oct 2028. The ensuing debate on orbit determination, evaluation of impact risks and the dissemination of such results led to considerable activity. Improved analyses predicted an approach distance of 2.42 LD on 26 October 2028.

See:

1997 XF11 - JPL , 35396 1997 XF11 - SSA

http://www.ibtimes.co.in/would-asteroid-discovered-1997-hit-earth-search-answers-led-much-more-732947

Ref:

- B.G. Marsden, 1998, Boston Sunday Globe, 29 March 1989, "How the asteroid story hit: an astronomer reveals how a discovery spun out of control."

See: http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/pressinfo/1997XF11Globe.html

- I. Semeniuk, 1998, Mercury, 27, No. 6, p. 12, "Armageddon? … Sorry, just Armakiddin!"

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Mercu..27f..12S

- B.G. Marsden, 1999, AAS-DAA meeting #31, #07.02, "Asteroid 1997 XF11 could collide with earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999DDA....31.0702M

- B.G. Marsden, 1999, Journal of the British Astronomical Association, 109, 39, "1997 XF11 - the true story."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JBAA..109...39M

- B.G. Marsden, 1999, Journal British Interplanetary Society, 52 (5 - 6), 195, "A discourse on 1997 XF11."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JBIS...52..195M

- D. Morrison, C.R. Chapman, D. Steel, R.P. Binzel, 2004, in: M.J.S. Belton, et al. (eds.), 2004, Mitigation of Hazardous Comets and Asteroids (Cambridge: CUP), p. 353, "Impacts and the public: communicating the nature of impact hazard."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004mhca.conf..353M

- B.G. Marsden, 2007, in: P. Bobrowsky & H. Rickman (eds.), 2007, Comet/Asteroid Impacts and Human Society (Berlin: Springer), p. 505, "Impact risk communication management (1998 – 2004): Has it improved?"

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007caih.book.....B

http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=63 http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1998/311/1 http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/13/us/man-in-the-news-a-cheery-herald-of-fear-brian-geoffrey-marsden.html http://discovermagazine.com/2000/oct/featblunders/

See also:

http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/css/

http://uanews.org/node/23277 http://ftp://quasar.ipa.nw.ru/pub/ACHBOOK_2009/ach-2009_book.pdf

http://www.space.com/14911-dangerous-asteroids-search-nasa-funding.html

http://www.mso.anu.edu.au/~rmn/ http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528724.800-vital-eye-for-killer-asteroids-could-shut-imminently.html http://www.canberratimes.com.au/national/funding-black-hole-means-our-asteroid-sentinel-may-abandon-crucial-work-20120710-21ubf.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalina_Sky_Survey

1998, Apr

P. Farinella, D. Vokroughlický, W.K. Hartmann, 1998, Icarus, 132, 378, "Meteorite delivery via Yarkovsky orbital drift."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Icar..132..378F

1998, Apr 14

Asteroid 99942 Apophis (2004 MN4, H = 19.7 mag, D = 310 ± 30 m, orbital P = 0.89 yr, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.49 LD. Minimum miss distance 9.49 LD.

See: 2004 MN4 - JPL , 99942 Apophis - SSA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99942_Apophis

See also: 13 Apr 1907, 14 Apr 1949, 13 Apr 2029, 23 Mar 2036.

1998, May

D.I. Steel, 1998, Planetary and Space Science, 46, 473, "Distributions and moments of asteroid and comet impact speeds upon the Earth and Mars."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998P%26SS...46..473S

1998, May 21

U.S. Congressional Hearing on NEOs and Planetary Defense. Statement by Carl Pilcher, Science Director, Solar System Exploration, Office of Space Science, NASA, announcing the Spaceguard Goal to the U.S. House Subcommittee on Space & Aeronautics, i.e., find and track 90% of NEOs with D > 1 km.

See:

http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/gov_asteroidperils_1.cfm http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/gov_asteroidperils_3.cfm

1998, Jun

NASA Near Earth Orbit Program Office established at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena, CA, USA), to coordinate and provide a focal point for US studies of NEOs.

See:

http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/

http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/programs_office.cfm

1998, Jun

J. Borovička, O.P. Popova, I.V. Nemtchinov, P. Spurný, Z. Ceplecha, 1998, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 334, 713, "Bolides produced by impacts of large meteoroids into the Earth's atmosphere: comparison of theory with observations. I. Benešov bolide dynamics and fragmentation."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998A%26A...334..713B

Benešov bolide was detected and observed at the Czech stations of the European Fireball Network on 7 May 1991, one of the brightest and best-documented bolides.

1998, Jun

G.L. Verschuur, 1998, Sky & Telescope, 95(6), 26, "Impact hazards: truth and consequences."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998S%26T....95f..26V

1998, Jun

P.A. Wiegert, K.A. Innanen, S. Mikkola, 1998, Astronomical Journal, 115, 2604, "The orbital evolution of Near-Earth Asteroid 3753."

See: http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-3881/115/6/2604/fulltext/

1998, Jun 4

A.W. Harris, 1998, Nature, 393, 418, "Planetary science: making and braking asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.393..418H

1998, Jun 4

E. Asphaug, S.J. Ostro, R.S. Hudson, D.J. Scheeres, W. Benz, 1998, Nature, 393, 437, "Disruption of kilometre-sized asteroids by energetic collisions."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.393..437A

1998, Jun 8

Asteroid 1998 KY26 (H = 25.5 mag, D ≈ 30 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.10 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.10 LD.

See: 1998 KY26 - JPL , 1998 KY26 - SSA

1998, Jul

F. Langenhorst, G. Shafranovsky, V.L. Masaitis, 1998, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 33, A90, "A comparative study of impact diamonds from the Popigai, Ries, Sudbury, and Lappajarvi Craters."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998M%26PSA..33R..90L

1998, Jul

V. Zappalà, A. Cellino, B.J. Gladman, et al., 1998, Icarus, 134, 176, "Asteroid showers on Earth after family breakup events." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998M%26PSA..33R..90L

1998, Jul 4

The International Astronomical Union Executive Committee, at its 71^stmeeting in Paris, on the initiative of General Secretary Johannes Andersen, issued a policy statement, which made clear that the detection and observations of NEOs to determine their orbits "is an international responsibility that requires the efforts of and support for astronomers around the world." It also stated that the IAU "coordinates this activity through the IAU Working Group on Near Earth Objects (WG-NEO) and offers the services of the Minor Planet Center, the international clearing house and data disseminator for NEO observations and research." It was emphasized that this was not a scientific policy judgment, but a policy issue related to public safety.

See: http://www.intastun.org/neo.html

1998, Aug

S.J. Ostro, C. Sagan, 1998, Astronomy & Geophysics, 39, 22, "Cosmic collisions and galactic civilizations."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998A%26G....39d..22O

1998, Aug

A.W. Harris, 1998, in: J. Andersen (ed.), Proc. IAU XXIII GA Joint Discussion Interactions between Planets and Small Bodies, in: Highlights in Astronomy, 11A, 257, "Searching for NEAs from Earth or space."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998HiA....11..257H

1998, Aug

A.D. Taylor, W.G. Elford, 1998, in: J. Andersen (ed.), Proc. IAU XXIII GA Joint Discussion Interactions between Planets and Small Bodies, in: Highlights in Astronomy, 11A, 239, "Aspects of the terrestrial influx of small meteoroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998HiA....11..239T

1998, Sep

Z. Ceplecha, J. Borovička, W.G. Elford, et al., 1998, Space Science Reviews, 84, 327, "Meteor phenomena and bodies."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998SSRv...84..327C

1998, Sep

A. Morbidelli, B. Gladman, 1998, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 33, 999, "Orbital and temporal distributions of meteorites originating in the asteroid belt."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998M%26PS...33..999M

1998, Sep 25

R. Greenberg, 1998, Science, 281, 1971, "How asteroids come to Earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...281.1971G

1998, Sep 25

F. Migliorini, P. Michel, A. Morbidelli, et al., 1998, Science, 281, 2022, "Origin of multi-kilometer Earth- and Mars-crossing asteroids: a quantitative simulation."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...281.2022M

1998, Oct 7

C.R. Chapman, 1997, "History of the asteroid/comet impact hazard."

See: http://www.boulder.swri.edu/clark/ncarhist.html

1998, Nov

R.B. Stothers, 1998, Monthly Notices Royal Astronomical Society, 300, 1098, "Galactic disc dark matter, terrestrial impact cratering and the law of large numbers."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998MNRAS.300.1098S

1998, Nov

J.C. Wynn, E.M. Shoemaker, 1998, Scientific American, 279 (5), 36, "The day the sands caught fire."

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998SciAm.279e..36W http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/jwynn/1998SciAm-Wabar.pdf

1998, Nov

Leonid meteor shower "Glowworm", seen over Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque (NM, USA).

See: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap000428.html

1998, Nov 1

P. Pravec, M. Wolf, L. Šarounová, 1998, Icarus, 136, 124, "Lightcurves of 26 Near-Earth Asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Icar..136..124P

1998, Nov 17

Leonid Fireball over Monteromano (Italy).

See: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap991112.html

1998, Nov 17

Leonid Fireball over Cape Canaveral (FL, USA).

See: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap981120.html

1998, Nov 17

Large Leonid meteor fireballs over northern New Mexico.

Ref:

- J. Zinn, J. Wren, R. Whitaker, et al., 1999, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 34, 1007, "Coordinated observations of two large Leonid meteor fireballs over northern New Mexico, and computer model comparisons."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999M%26PS...34.1007Z

1998, Nov 25