ESA - European Space Agency

NEAR EARTH ASTEROIDS (NEAs)

A CHRONOLOGY OF MILESTONES 1800 - 2200

Courtesy of Karel A. van der Hucht

version 88.0 – 3 February 2019

The NEO Chronology is regularly updated (no claim on completeness). For the meaning of the technical terms used, see here

PDF Download

NEAR EARTH OBJECTS – MILE STONES

Introduction

An asteroid is coined a Near Earth Asteroid (NEA) when its trajectory brings it within 1.3 AU from the Sun. A NEA is said to be a Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) when its orbit comes to within 0.05 AU (= 19.5 LD = 7.5 million km) of the Earth's orbit and has a measured absolute magnitude H < 22 mag (i.e., an estimated diameter D > 140 m).

As of 03 February 2019, 19571 NEAs are registered, including 8511 NEAs with D > 140, and 897 NEAs with D > 1 km (estimated population: 921 ± 20). Of those large NEAs, 156 are PHAs.

The NEA chronology lists

(a) data of known NEAs with past nominal Earth close approach distances d ≤ 1.00 LD;

(b) data of known NEAs with future nominal Earth close approach distances d ≤ 10.00 LD

and minimum close approach distances d ≤ 1.00 LD;

d ≤ 5.00 LD;

(d) scientific literature, conferences and other milestones of NEA research.

The NEA Chronology is updated monthly and can be downloaded as pdf file.

Information on categories (a) and (b) is quoted from both the ESA NEO Coordination Centre Close Approach Tables and the NASA JPL CNEOS Close Approach Tables for the period 1900 – 2200 A.D., as of 03 February 2019.

By listing in chronological order this broad selection of milestones of NEA research, a global impression is offered of what has been done and has happened, and what is being done and will happen in those fields, as far as presently known.

As of 03 February 2019, the NEA Chronology lists 4301 entries of known past events registered since AD 1800, including 484 observed (the first one in 1991) and calculated close approaches of NEAs ranging in size from 1 to 325 m with nominal Earth close approach distances d ≤ 1.00 LD (54 in 2017, 76 in 2018, to date 5 in 2019), 27 of which with d ≤ 0.10 LD. Moreover, five impacts have been recorded, on: 30 June 1908, 6 October 2008, 15 February 2013, 2 January 2014, and 2 June 2018.

First observed NEA flyby at d < 1 LD: 18 January 1991, 1991 BA (D ≈ 8 m).

First observed NEA flyby at d < 0.1 LD: 31 March 2004, 2004 FU162 (D ≈ 8 m).

Closest observed NEA flyby, at d ≈ 1.86 R_Earth: 4 Feb 2011, 2011 CQ (D ≈ 2 m).

As of 03 February 2019, the NEA Chronology lists 473 entries of known future events predicted up to AD 2200, of which 228 predicted close approaches of NEAs with nominal Earth close approach distances d ≤ 10.00 LD and minimum close approach distances d ≤ 1.00 LD (i.e., about one per year), including 42 predicted close approaches of NEAs with nominal Earth close approach distances d ≤ 1.00 LD, two of which with d ≤ 0.10 LD. No impacts are predicted.

Sources

https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/

https://www.nasa.gov/planetarydefense/overview

http://neo.ssa.esa.int/neo-home

http://neo.ssa.esa.int/close-approaches

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html

A.W. Harris, G. D’Abramo, 2015, Icarus, 257, 302, "The population of near-Earth asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Icar..257..302H

A.W. Harris, 2017, AAS DPS meeting #49, id.#100.01, "The population of Near-Earth Asteroids revisited."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DPS....4910001H

A.W. Harris, More Data!, 2017, Phys.Org News, 19 October 2017, "Number of undiscovered near-Earth asteroids revised downward."

See: https://phys.org/news/2017-10-undiscovered-near-earth-asteroids-downward.html

Colour coding

red bold italics spacecraft

green bold asteroid, meteorite, impact site

blue bold NEA related institute, observatory, organization, program

blue bold italics NEA related conference, workshop, seminar, meeting

purple bold Potentially Hazardous Asteroid

* * *

NEA CHRONOLOGY 1800 - 2200

1801, Jan 1

First and largest asteroid discovered, 1 Ceres (H = 3.34 mag, D ≈ 975 km, main-belt asteroid), by Giuseppe Piazzi (1746 – 1826, Italy) at the Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo. Asteroid Cerere Ferdinandea was named in honour of King Ferdinand IV of Sicily, and later became known simply as Ceres. Carl Gauss developed the math to determine an accurate orbit for Ceres and published his results in November 1801. Given the definition of planets and dwarfplanets accepted by the IAU XXVI General Assembly in 2006, Ceres is considered a dwarf planet rather than an asteroid.

See: Ceres - JPL , 1 Ceres - SSA

https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=Ceres

Ref:

- G. Piazzi, 1802, Della scoperta del nuovo planeta Cerere Ferdinandea (Palermo: Nella Stamperia Reale).

See: https://archive.org/details/DellaScopertaDelNuovoPianetaCerereFerdinandea

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)

More recently:

Since 6 March 2015, NASA spacecraft Dawn is in orbit around Ceres. See:

http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4503

http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4540

1803, 26 Apr

L'Aigle Meteorite Fall. In the early afternoon of 26 April 1803 a meteorite shower of more than 3000 fragments fell upon the town of L'Aigle (Normandy, France).

Ref:

- M. Gounelle, 2003, in 66th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting (2003), Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 38, Supplement, abstract no.5251, "The meteorite fall at l’Aigle on April 26th 1803 and the Biot report."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003M%26PSA..38.5251G

1807, Dec 14

Weston Meteorite. At 6:30 hr on the morning of 14 December 1807, a blazing fireball about two-thirds the size of the Moon was seen traveling southwards by early risers in Vermont and Massachusetts (USA). Three loud explosions were heard over the town of Weston in Fairfield County, Connecticut. Stone fragments fell in at least 6 places.

See:

http://peabody.yale.edu/collections/meteorites-and-planetary-science/weston-meteorite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_meteorite

1840, Jun 12

Uden Meteorite (Netherlands). A 0.6 kg meteorite was found. See:

http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00015500.pdf http://www.sterrenkunde.nl/index/encyclopedie/meteoren.html

1843, Jun 2

Blauwkapel Meteorite (Netherlands). Two pieces were found, of 2.7 and 7 kg. See: http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00015500.pdf http://www.sterrenkunde.nl/index/encyclopedie/meteoren.html

1859, Nov 15

New York City Fireball and Airburst (USA).

See:

http://www.meteoritehistory.info/AJS/S2VIEWS/V30P186.HTM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts

1860, Jul 20

The Meteor Procession of 20 July 1860, visible from the Great Lakes to New York State (USA), continuing out over the Atlantic Ocean.

Ref:

- Walt Whitman, 1859-1860, in Leaves of Grass, "Year of Meteors.";

- A.G. Pope, 5-1-2010, Astronomical dating of Edvard Munch's summer sky paintings, University Honors Program, Texas State University;

- R. Sinnott, 2010, Sky & Telescope, 7 June 2010, "Walt Whitman's "Meteor-Procession"."

See: http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/newsblog/95765719.html

- D.W. Olson, R.L Doescher, M.S. Olson, A.G. Pope, 2010, Sky & Telescope, 120, No.1, July 2010, p. 28, "Walt Whitman's "Year of Meteors"."

See: http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/newsblog/95765719.html

http://philosophyofscienceportal.blogspot.com/2010/06/walt-whitman-wrote-about-strange-huge.html http://www.txstate.edu/news/news_releases/news_archive/2010/06/YearOfMeteors060110.html

http://www.newscientist.com/gallery/whitman-mystery-solved/3 http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/culturelab/2010/06/the-forensic-astronomer-donald-olson.html http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2010/06/02/4448882-150-year-old-meteor-mystery-solved

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100722.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-grazing_fireball

1864, May 14

Orgueil Meteorite rain over Orgueil (Southern France). Some 20 stones fell over an area of several square kilometers, with a total weight of 14 kg.

Ref:

- M. Gounelle, P. Spurný, P.A. Bland, 2006, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 41, 135, "The orbit and atmospheric trajectory of the Orgueil meteorite from historical records."

See: http://www.springerlink.com/content/m470723364612j6x/

1868, July 11

Main-belt asteroid 100 Hekate (H = 7.66 mag, D ≈ 123 km) discovered by James C. Watson (1838 – 1880) at Ann Arbor (MI, USA). 100^th numbered asteroid in the data base of the IAU Minor Planet Center, Cincinnati Observatory (Ohio, USA).

See: 100 Hekate - JPL , 100 Hekate - SSA

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Hekate

1873, Oct 27

Diepenveen Meteorite Fall, Diepenveen (the Netherlands).

See: http://www.naturalis.nl/en/news/collectie-2/new-dutch-meteorite-fell-1873/

1890, May 2

Forest City Meteorite Fall, Forest City (Iowa, USA), 2 May 1890. Ref:

- H.H. Nininger, 1942, Popular Astronomy, 50, 111, "A celestial bomb."

See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_falls

1891, Dec 22

First photographic discovery of an asteroid, 323 Brucia (H = 9.53 mag, D ≈ 35.8 km), by Maximilian F.J.C. Wolf (1863 – 1932) at the Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl (Heidelberg, Germany).

See: Brucia - JPL , Brucia - SSA

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/323_Brucia

1893

G.K. Gilbert (1893) suggested impacts as most likely process for forming lunar craters.

Ref:

- G.K. Gilbert, 1893, Bulletin of the Philosophical Society of Washington, 12, 241, "The Moon’s face: a study of the origin of its features."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1893QB591.G46......

1896, Feb 2

Great Madrid Meteor Event.

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1896PASP....8...86C http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteor

1898, Aug 13

First discovery of a NEA: asteroid 433 Eros (1898 DQ, H = 10.3 mag, D ≈ 34.4 × 11.2 × 11.2 km, orbital P = 1.76 yr, Amor asteroid), by Carl Gustav Witt (1866 – 1948) at the Urania Sternwarte Berlin (Germany), and independently by Auguste Charlois (1864 – 1910) at the Observatoire de Nice (France). Second-largest NEA known. Its perihelion distance of 1.133 AU brings it with 0.15 AU of the orbit of the Earth.

See: 1898 DQ - JPL , 433 Eros - SSA

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/433_Eros

Ref:

- P. Michel, P. Farinella, Ch. Froeschlé, 1996, Nature, 380, 689, "The orbital evolution of the asteroid Eros and implications for collision with the Earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Natur.380..689M

See also: 23 Jan 1975, 31 Jan 2012.

1899, Mar 12

Helsinki Fireball and Airburst (Finland).

See:

http://www.somerikko.net/collection/meteorites.php?id=374 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts

1900, Jan 1

1 NEA known.

See: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/

1900, Jan 4

Asteroid 509352 (2007 AG, H = 20.1 mag, D ≈ 400 m, PHA), passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.75 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.75 LD.

See: 2007 AG - JPL , 2007 AG - SSA

Ref:

- M. Brozovic, S.J. Ostro, L.A.M. Benner, et al., 2009, Icarus, 201, 153, "Radar observations and a physical model of asteroid 4660 Nereus, a prime space mission target."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Icar..201..153B

- K. Kitazato, S. Abe, M. Ishiguro, et al., October 2012, American Astronomical Society, DPS meeting #44, #210.20, "Measuring the YORP effect of asteroid 4660 Nereus." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012DPS....4421020K

See also: 22 Jan 2002, 11 Dec 2021, 14 Feb 2060, 4 Feb 2071, 23 Dec 2112, 4 Feb 2166.

1900, May 10

Asteroid 326290 Akhenaten (1998 HE3, H = 21.7 mag, D ≈ 100 m, PHA), passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.01 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.01 LD.

See: 1998 HE3- JPL , 1998 HE3- SSA

1900, Jul 24

Asteroid 2007 HE15 (H = 19.6 mag, D ≈ 506 m, PHA), passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.98 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.96 LD.

See: 2007 HE15 - JPL , 2007 HE15 - SSA

1901, Jun 7

Asteroid 2014 HQ124 (H = 18.9 mag, D ≈ 370 m, PHA), passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 5.95 LD. Minimum miss distance 5.90 LD.

See: 2014 HQ124 - JPL , 2014 HQ124 - SSA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_HQ124

See also: 7 Jun 1952, 8 Jun 2014, 8 Jun 2065.

1901, Aug 14

Asteroid 2011 DS (H = 26.9 mag, D ≈ 17 m), passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 7.94 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.75 LD.

See: 2011 DS - JPL , 2011 DS - SSA

See also: 18 Feb 1966, 18 Feb 2050.

1902, May 22

Asteroid 2018 KS (H = 27.9 mag, D ≈ 11 m), passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.84 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.96 LD.

See: 2018 KS - JPL , 2018 KS - SSA

1903, Jan 13

Asteroid 2010 WZ8 (H = 20.6 mag, D ≈ 300 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.51 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.51 LD.

See: 2010 WZ8 - JPL , 2010 WZ8 - SSA

See also: http://iawn.net/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99942_Apophis

See also: 14 Apr 1949, 14 Apr 1998, 13 Apr 2029, 23 Mar 2036.

1907, May 20

Asteroid 2001 SG286 (H = 20.8 mag, D ≈ 290 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.84 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.84 LD.

See: 2001 SG286 - JPL , 2001 SG286 - SSA

1907, Dec 26

Asteroid 2010 XC15 (H = 21.4 mag, D ≈ 222 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.61 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.74 LD.

See: 2010 XC15 - JPL , 2010 XC15 - SSA

See also:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_XC15

See also: 27 Dec 1914, 27 Dec 1976, 27 Dec 2022, 28 Dec 2059, 26 Dec 2064, 26 Dec 2096.

1908, Jun 30

Impact. Tunguska event, Siberia (Russia). According to Boslough & Crawford (2008), possibly an asteroid with D ≈ 30 – 50 m, exploding in an airburst with E ≈ 4 megaton TNT at an altitude of ~8.5 km, flattening ~2000 km² of forest.

Ref:

- L.A. Kulik, 1938, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, 3, 78, "The meteorite of June 30, 1908, in Central Siberia."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1938ASPL....3...78K

- A. Ben-Menahem, September 1975, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 11, 1, "Source parameters of the Siberian explosion of June 30, 1908, from analysis and synthesis of seismic signals at four stations."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975PEPI...11....1B

- L'. Kresak, 1978, Bulletin Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia, 29, 129, "The Tunguska object – a fragment of Comet Encke?"

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978BAICz..29..129K

- R.P. Turco, O.B. Toon, C. Park, et al., 1981, Science, 214, 19, "Tunguska meteor fall of 1908 – effects on stratospheric ozone." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Sci...214...19T

- Z. Sekanina, 1983, Astronomical Journal, 88, 1382, "The Tunguska event – no cometary signature in evidence." Erratum, 1984, Astronomical Journal, 89, 185.

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983AJ.....88.1382S http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984AJ.....89..185S

- C.F. Chyba, 1993, Astronomy, 21, no.12, p.38, "Death from the sky."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Ast....21R..38C

- C.F. Chyba, P.J. Thomas, K.J. Zahnle, 7 January 1993, Nature, 361, 40, "The 1908 Tunguska explosion: atmospheric disruption of a stony asteroid."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.361...40C

- R.A. Gallant, 1994, Sky & Telescope, 87, no. 6, p. 38, "Journey to Tunguska."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994S%26T....87...38G

- P. Farinella, L. Foschini, Ch. Froeschlé, 2001, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 377, 1081, "Probable asteroidal origin of the Tunguska cosmic body."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001A%26A...377.1081F

- K. Zahnle, 1996, Nature, 383, 674, "Tunguska: leaving no stone unburned." See: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v383/n6602/pdf/383674a0.pdf

- N.V. Vasilyev, Feb-Mar 1998, Planetary and Space Science, 46, 129, "The Tunguska Meteorite problem today."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998P%26SS...46..129V

- G. Longo, 2007, in: P. Bobrowsky & H. Rickman (eds.), 2007, Comet/Asteroid Impacts and Human Society (Berlin: Springer), p. 304, "The Tunguska event."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007caih.book.....B

- D.I. Steel, 2008, Nature, 453, 1157, "Tunguska at 100."

See: http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080625/full/4531157a.html

- M.B.E. Boslough, D.A. Crawford, 2008, Intern. J. of Impact Engineering, 35, 1441, "Low-altitude airbursts and the impact threat." See: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0734743X08001784 http://www.sandia.gov/ldrd/images/Posters/Boslough_Poster.pdf

- B. Napier, D. Asher, 2009, Astronomy & Geophysics, 50, 1.18, "The Tunguska impact event and beyond."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009A%26G....50a..18N

- V. Rubtsov, 10 March 2013, e-print arXiv:1302.6273, "Reconstruction of the Tunguska Event of 1908: neither an asteroid, nor a comet core."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013arXiv1302.6273R

https://sputniknews.com/analysis/20080626112250936/

https://sputniknews.com/science/201701181049718416-tunguska-event-lake-cheko/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunguska_event

1908, Dec 16

Asteroid 33342 (1998 WT24, H = 17.8 mag, D ≈ 415 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.54 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.54 LD.

See: 1998 WT24 - JPL , 1998 WT24 - SSA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(33342)_1998_WT24

See also: 16 Dec 1956, 16 Dec 2001, 11 Dec 2015, 18 Dec 2099.

1909, Mar 6

Asteroid 474158 (1999 FA, H = 20.6 mag, D ≈ 300 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal distance of 4.20 LD. Minimum distance 4.16 LD.

See: 1999 FA - JPL , 1999 FA - SSA

See also: 6 Mar 1999, 6 Mar 2143, 7 Mar 2194.

1909, Aug 28

Asteroid 2016 QA2, H = 25.9 mag, D ≈ 27 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 5.83 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.27 LD.

See: 2016 QA2- JPL , 2016 QA2 - SSA

1910, Jan 1

1 NEA known.

See: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/

1910

Minor planet astronomy became organized in a formal way at the Rechen-Institut in Berlin-Dahlem (Germany), director Fritz Cohn (1878 – 1940).

Ref:

- G. Stracke, 1935, Astronomische Nachrichten, 255, 189, "25 Jahre genäherte Bearbeitung der Bahnen der Kleinen Planeten im Astronomischen Rechen-Institut." Predecessor of the MPC.

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935AN....255..189S

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003IAUC.8227....2M

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69230_Hermes

See also: 30 Oct 1937, 26 Apr 1942, 1 Nov 1954, 31 Oct 2086, 30 Apr 2123.

1914, Dec 18

Asteroid 2017 YE (H = 28.5 mag, D ≈ 8 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 5.57 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.34 LD.

See: 2017 YE - JPL , 2017 YE - SSA

1914, Dec 27

Asteroid 2010 XC15 (H = 21.4 mag, D ≈ 220 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.00 LD. Minimum miss distance 1.94 LD.

See: 2010 XC15 - JPL , 2010 XC15 - SSA

See also: 26 Dec 1907, 27 Dec 1976, 27 Dec 2022, 28 Dec 2059, 26 Dec 2064, 26 Dec 2096.

See also:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_XC15

1914, Dec 31

Asteroid 152680 (1998 KJ9, H = 19.4 mag, D ≈ 554 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.61 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.60 LD. [1914-01]

See: 1998 KJ9 - JPL , 152680 1998 KJ9 - SSA

1915, May 15

Asteroid 2000 SL10 (H = 21.8 mag, D ≈ 180 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.32 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.86 LD.

See: 2000 SL10 - JPL , 2000 SL10 - SSA

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_RF12

See also:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_TC3

See also: 11 Oct 1961, 2 Oct 1971, 27 Jan 1988, 6 Oct 2008.

1918, Feb 17

Asteroid 367943 Duende (2012 DA14, H = 24.1 mag, D ≈ 40 × 20 m), discovered in 2012 by the Spanish Observatorio Astronomico de la Sagra, passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.13 LD. Minimum miss distance 1.13 LD.

See: 2012 DA14 - JPL , 367943 Duende - SSA

See also: 19 Aug 2004, 16 Feb 2012, 15 Feb 2013, 15 Feb 2046, 15 Feb 2087.

1918, Mar 29

Asteroid 2017 FY101 (H = 27.2 mag, D ≈ 15 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.62 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.23 LD. [1918-01]

See: 2017 FY101 - JPL , 2017 FY101 - SSA

1918, Sep 17

Asteroid 458732 (2011 MD5, H = 17.9 mag, D ≈ 1074 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.91 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.91 LD. [1918-02]

See: 2011 MD5 - JPL , 2011 MD5 - SSA

1919, Jan 4

Asteroid 509352 (2007 AG, H = 20.1 mag, D ≈ 400 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.95 LD. Minimum miss distance 1.95 LD.

See: 2007 AG - JPL , 2007 AG - SSA

Ref:

- B. Asplind, 1926, Astronomische Nachrichten, 228, 89, "Benennung der Planeten 1000 – 1002."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1926AN....228...89A

1923, Nov 7

Asteroid 2018 VS6 (H = 26.8 mag, D ≈ 18 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 8.75 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.88 LD.

See: 2018 VS6 - SSA , 2018 VS6 - JPL

1923, Nov 24

Asteroid 2017 WE28 (H = 26.8 mag, D ≈ 19 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 5.40 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.53 LD.

See: 2017 WE28 - SSA , 2017 WE28 - JPL

1924, Jun 5

Asteroid 163348 (2002 NN4, H = 20.0 mag, D ≈ 400 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.49 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.47 LD.

See: 2002 NN4- JPL , 2002 NN4 - SSA

See also: 6 Jun 1965, 6 Jun 2070, 7 Jun 2130.

1924, Aug 22

Asteroid 513126 (1998 QP, H = 21.3 mag, D ≈ 200 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.25 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.25 LD.

See: 1998 QP - JPL , 1998 QP - SSA

Ref:

- G. Hahn, P. Magnusson, A.W. Harris, et al., 1989, Icarus, 78, 363, "Physical studies of Apollo-Amor asteroids - UBVRI photometry of 1036 Ganymed and 1627 Ivar."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Icar...78..363H

- P. Michel, R. Gonczi, P. Farinella, Ch. Froeschlé, 1999, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 347, 711, "Dynamical evolution of 1036 Ganymed, the largest near-Earth asteroid."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999A%26A...347..711M

- S.K. Fieber-Beyer, M.J. Gaffey, P.A. Abell, 2011, Icarus, 212, 149, "Mineralogical characterization of Near Earth Asteroid (1036) Ganymed.

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Icar..212..149F

1925, Mar 29

Asteroid 2012 FT35 (H = 29.3 mag, D ≈ 6 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.10 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.09 LD. [1925-01]

See: 2012 FT35 - JPL , 2012 FT35 - SSA

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_JE9

1927, Dec 17

Asteroid 2016 XA2 (H = 21.6 mag, D ≈ 201 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.60 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.86 LD.

See: 2016 XA2 - JPL , 2016 XA2 - SSA

1928, Jan 23

Asteroid 2010 XC25 (H = 20.9 mag, D ≈ 280 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.34 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.20 LD.

See: 2010 XC25 - JPL , 2010 XC25 - SSA

1928, Apr 25

Asteroid 2011 DV (H = 20.7 mag, D ≈ 300 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.53 LD. Minimum miss distance 1.11 LD.

See: 2011 DV - JPL , 2011 DV - SSA

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_RX30

Ref:

- M. Davidson, 1932, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc., 92, 691, "The Reinmuth object."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932MNRAS..92..691D

- L.A. Lebofsky, G.J. Veeder, G.H. Rieke, et al., 1981, Icarus, 48, 335, "The albedo and diameter of 1862 Apollo."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Icar...48..335L

1932, Oct 21

Asteroid 2012 CU (H = 26.0 mag, D ≈ 27 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.09 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.73 LD.

See: 2012 CU - JPL , 2012 CU - SSA

1932, Dec

In December 1932, scientists surveying the southern Egyptian desert came upon pieces of a translucent, pale yellow-green, glassy substance, from tiny fragments to football-sized chunks, scattered over a huge area at the Libyan border. Known as Libyan desert glass, this almost pure silica contained isotopes showing it to be of extraterrestrial origin.

Further reading: see 3 March 2006.

See:

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/311/5765/1223c

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_desert_glass

1932, Dec 8

Arroyomolinos de León Fireball and Airburst (Spain).

See:

http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/1368.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts

1932, Dec 29

Asteroid 2012 XE133 (H = 23.4 mag, D ≈ 88 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 5.51 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.9985 LD.

See: 2012 XE133 - JPL , 2012 XE133 - SSA

1933, Jan 3

Asteroid 2017 XT61 (H = 23.2 mag, D ≈ 98 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.29 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.18 LD.

See: 2017 XT61 - JPL , 2017 XT61 - SSA

1933, Jan 17

Asteroid 7482 (1994 PC1, H = 16.5 mag, D ≈ 1300 m, PHA) passed Earth at 2.93 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.93 LD.

See: 1994 PC1 -JPL , 7482 1994 PC1 - SSA

See: 4 Jan 1989.

1934, Apr 20

Asteroid 2014 SM143 (H = 20.4 mag, D ≈ 400 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.63 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.62 LD.

See: 2014 SM143 - JPL , 2014 SM143 - SSA http://neo.ssa.esa.int/search-for-asteroids?sum=1&des=2014SM143

See also: 19 Apr 2093, 23 Oct 2197.

1934, May 3

Asteroid 2011 JV10 (H = 29.7 mag, D ≈ 5 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.53 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.31 LD.

See: 2011 JV10 - JPL , 2011 JV10 - SSA

1934, Sep 22

Asteroid 2013 RG74 (H = 23.4 mag, D ≈ 90 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 7.58 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.84 LD.

See: 2013 RG74 - JPL , 2013 RG74 - SSA

1935, Feb 8

Asteroid 2018 CN2 (H = 27.7 mag, D ≈ 12 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 6.94 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.77 LD.

See: 2018 CN2 - SSA , 2018 CN2 - JPL ,

http://iawn.net/2018/02/10/asteroid-2018-cn2-close-approach/

See also: 9 Feb 2018, 9 Feb 2088.

1935, Mar 8

Asteroid 2015 DD54 (H = 25.4 mag, D ≈ 34 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.48 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.48 LD. [1935-01]

See: 2015 DD54 - JPL , 2015 DD54 - SSA

1935, Apr

G. Stracke, 1935, Astronomische Nachrichten, 255, 189, "25 Jahre genäherte Bearbeitung der Bahnen der Kleinen Planeten im Astronomischen Rechen-Institut." Predecessor of the Minor Planet Center. At the time 1301 minor planets were numbered. See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935AN....255..189S

1935, Jul 20

Asteroid 2016 FG60 (H = 21.4 mag, D ≈ 220 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.97 LD. Minimum miss distance 1.30 LD.

See: 2016 FG60 - JPL , 2016 FG60 - SSA

1936, Mar 3

Asteroid 2014 EF (H = 29.0 mag, D ≈ 7 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.73 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.26 LD.

See: 2014 EF - JPL , 2014 EF - SSA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_JY26

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69230_Hermes

See also: 29 Oct 1914, 26 Apr 1942, 1 Nov 1954, 31 Oct 2086, 30 Apr 2123.

1938, Jan 09

Asteroid 332446 (2008 AF4, H = 19.7 mag, D ≈ 493 m, PHA) passed Earth at 2.19 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.18 LD.

See: 2008 AF4 - JPL , 2008 AF4 - SSA

1938, Mar 11

Asteroid 2013 FA8 (H = 21.0 mag, D ≈ 270 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.05 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.90 LD.

See: 2013 FA8 - JPL , 2013 FA8 - SSA

1938, Mar 13

Asteroid 2012 DW60 (H = 26.5 mag, D ≈ 21 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.75 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.89 LD.

See: 2012 DW60 - JPL , 2012 DW60 - SSA

1938, Jun 1

Asteroid 2017 KW31 (H = 26.5 mag, D ≈ 21 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 8.54 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.52 LD.

See: 2017 KW31 - JPL , 2017 KW31 - SSA

1938, Jun 2

Asteroid 437844 (1999 MN, H = 21.2 mag, D ≈ 240 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.37 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.37 LD.

See: 1999 MN - JPL , 1999 MN - SSA

See also: 2 Jun 1943, 4 Jun 2110, 4 Jun 2137, 3 Jun 2148.

1938, Jun 21

Asteroid 2018 RW (H = 30.1 mag, D ≈ 4 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.27 L D. Minimum miss distance 0.05 LD. [1938-01]

See: 2018 RW - SSA , 2018 RW - JPL

1943, Feb 26

Asteroid 2017 DR34 (H = 29.1 mag, D ≈ 6 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 5.92 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.24 LD.

See: 2017 DR34 - JPL , 2017 DR34 - SSA

See also: 25 Feb 2017, 26 Feb 2105.

1943, Mar 27

Asteroid 2018 EM4 (H = 25.3 mag, D ≈ 37 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.57 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.08 LD.

See: 2018 EM4 - JPL , 2018 EM4 - SSA

See also: http://iawn.net/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhote-Alin_meteorite

1947, Mar 1

Asteroid 2014 PW59 (H = 21.0 mag, D ≈ 270 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.27 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.26 LD.

See: 2014 PW59 - JPL , 2014 PW59 - SSA

Ref:

- D.K. Yeomans, 1991, Astronomical Journal, 101, 1920, "A comet among the near-earth asteroids?"

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991AJ....101.1920Y

Erratum: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992AJ....104.1266Y

- D. Steel, 1991, Nature, 354, 265, "Our asteroid-pelted planet." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Natur.354..265S

- K. Ohtsuka, H. Arakida, T. Ito, et al., 2007, Astrophysical Journal Letters, 668, L71, "Apollo asteroids 1566 Icarus and 2007 MK6: Icarus family members?"

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...668L..71O

1949, Oct 14

Asteroid 2016 TZ55 (H = 26.9 mag, D ≈ 18 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 6.98 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.06 LD.

See: 2016 TZ55 - JPL , 2016 TZ55 - SSA

1949, Dec 11

Asteroid 2010 XR69 (H = 25.4 mag, D ≈ 35 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.42 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.90 LD.

See: 2010 XR69 -JPL , 2010 XR69 - SSA

1950, Jan 1

13 NEAs known, of which 5 PHAs.

See: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/

1950

The Yerkes-McDonald Survey of Asteroids (1950 – 1952), down to v = 16.5, was performed by astronomers Gerard P. Kuiper (1905 – 1973, Netherlands/USA), George A. Van Biesbroeck (1880 – 1974, Belgium/USA), Cornelis J. van Houten (1920 – 2002, Netherlands), Ingrid M. van Houten-Groeneveld (Netherlands) and Tom Gehrels (Netherlands/USA). A number of 3247 objects were found.

Ref:

- G.P. Kuiper, Y. Fujita, T. Gehrels, I. M. Groeneveld, J. Kent, G.A. Van Biesbroeck, C.J. van Houten, 1958, Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 3, 289, "Survey of asteroids".

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958ApJS....3..289K

1950, Feb 10

Asteroid 2009 BE58 (H = 21.6 mag, D ≈ 200 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.08 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.07 LD.

See: 2009 BE58 - JPL , 2009 BE58 - SSA

See also: 7 Jun 1901, 8 Jun 2014, 8 Jun 2065.

1952, Dec

E.J. Öpik, 1952, Irish Astronomical Journal, 2, 95, "Collisions with heavenly bodies."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952IrAJ....2...95O

1952, Dec 9

Asteroid 2014 QK434 (H = 19.2 mag, D ≈ 594 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.10 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.97 LD.

See: 2014 QK434 - JPL , 2014 QK434 - SSA

1952, Dec 24

Asteroid 450293 (2004 LV3, H = 18.7 mag, D ≈ 748 m, PHA) passed Earth at 4.61 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.61 LD.

See: 2004 LV3 - JPL , 2004 LV3 - SSA

See also: 30 Nov 2093, 1 Dec 2140.

1954

A.C.B. Lovell, 1954, Meteor Astronomy (Oxford: Clarendon Press).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954QB741.L6.......

A critical review of this book, with comments on meteor velocities in particular, is given by E.J. Öpik, 1955, Irish Astronomical Journal, 3, 144, "Meteor astronomy."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955IrAJ....3..144O

1954, Feb 28

Asteroid 462550 (2009 CB3, H = 19.5 mag, D ≈ 536 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.47 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.47 LD.

See: 2009 CB3 - JPL , 2009 CB3 - SSA

1954, Mar 13

Asteroid 2013 RZ53 (H = 31.2 mag, D ≈ 2 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.27 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.27 LD. [1954-01]

See: 2013 RZ53 - JPL , 2013 RZ53 - SSA

See also:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_KT42

See also: 3 Dec 1915, 29 May 2012.

1955, Jun 19

Asteroid 2015 LR21 (H = 26.5 mag, D ≈ 21 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.59 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.56 LD. [1955-01]

See: 2015 LR21 - JPL , 2015 LR21 - SSA

1955, Sep 18

Asteroid 2015 KE (H = 26.2 mag, D ≈ 24 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.30 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.03 LD.

See: 2015 KE - JPL , 2015 KE - SSA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(33342)_1998_WT24

See also: 16 Dec 1908, 16 Dec 2001, 11 Dec 2015, 18 Dec 2099

1957, Sep

C.S. Beals, 1957, Sky & Telescope, 16, 526, "A probable meteorite crater of great age."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957S%26T....16..526B

1957, Dec 10

Asteroid 2010 XW58 (H = 24.8 mag, D ≈ 47 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.16 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.16 LD. [1957-01]

See: 2010 XW58 - JPL , 2010 XW58 - SSA

1958

E.J. Öpik, 1958, Physics of meteor flight in the atmosphere (New York: Interscience Publishers).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958QB741.O38......

1958, Feb 22

C.S. Beals, 1958, Nature, 181, 559, "A survey of terrestrial craters."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958Natur.181..559B

1958, Mar

E.J. Öpik, 1958, Irish Astronomical Journal, 5, 34, "On the catastrophic effect of collisions with celestial bodies." Öpik proposed that NEO impacts might have handicapped the development of land in the paleontological history.

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958QB741.O38......

1958, Jul

G.P. Kuiper, Y. Fujita, T. Gehrels, I. M. Groeneveld, J. Kent, G.A. Van Biesbroeck, C.J. van Houten, 1958, Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 3, 289, "Survey of asteroids".

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958ApJS....3..289K

1958, Oct 11

Asteroid 2008 TZ (H = 25.4 mag, D ≈ 35 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.05 LD. Minimum miss distance 1.002 LD.

See: 2008 TZ - JPL , 2008 TZ - SSA

1959, Jan 27

Asteroid 2012 BX34 (H = 27.6 mag, D ≈ 13 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.53 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.40 LD. [1959-01]

See: 2012 BX34 - JPL , 2012 BX34 - SSA

See also:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_BX34

See also: http://iawn.net/

The Earth Impact Database lists some 170 known impact craters on Earth.

See: http://www.unb.ca/passc/ImpactDatabase/

1961, Oct 11

Asteroid 2008 TC3 (H = 30.9 mag, D ≈ 4.1 m, Apollo NEO) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 7.25 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.20 LD.

See: 2008 TC3 - JPL , 2008 TC3 - SSA

See also: 4 Oct 1917, 2 Oct 1971, 27 Jan 1988, 6 Oct 2008.

1962, Mar 24

H.C. Urey, 1962, Nature, 193, 1119, " Life-forms in meteorites: origin of life-like forms in carbonaceous chondrites. Introduction." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962Natur.193.1119U

1962, Mar 30

Asteroid 2002 GQ (H = 26.4 mag, D ≈ 22 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.97 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.49 LD.

See: 2002 GQ - JPL , 2002 GQ - SSA

1963

M.R. Dence, M.J.S. Innes, C.S. Beals, 1963, Astronomical Journal, 68, 534, "On the probable meteorite origin of the Clearwater Lakes, Quebec."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963AJ.....68..534D

1963, Mar

Initiation of the Prairie Meteorite Network, with a prototype station in Havanna (IL, USA). By May 1964, 16 stations were operational.

Ref:

- R.E. McCrosky, H. Boeschenstein, 1965, SAO Special Report, No. 173, "The Prairie Meteorite Network."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965SAOSR.173.....M

- Z. Ceplecha, R.E. McCrosky, 1997, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 32, A157, "Prairie Network fireballs: data on height, distance and brightness for each measured time-mark."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997M%26PSA..32..157C

1963, Aug 3

Prince Edward Islands Fireball and Airburst (South Africa). See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts

1963, Nov 2

R.L.C. Gallant, 1963, Nature, 200, 414, "Changes in the Earth's axis due to large meteorite collisions."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963Natur.200..414G

1963, Nov 4

Asteroid 2010 JL88 (H = 26.8 mag, D ≈ 19 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 7.80 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.56 LD.

See: 2010 JL88 - JPL , 2010 JL88 - SSA

See also:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_JL88

1964

C.S. Beals, M.R. Dence, A.J. Cohen, 1964, Astronomical Journal, 69, 134, "Evidence suggesting a meteorite impact origin for Lac Couture, Quebec."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964AJ.....69R.134B

1964

Dandridge M. Cole, Donald W. Cox, 1964, Islands in space: the challenge of the planetoids (Philadephia: Chilton).

See: http://discoveryenterprise.blogspot.com/2007/08/islands-in-space-challenge-of.html

1964

René L.C. Gallant (1906 – 1985, Belgium), 1964, Bombarded Earth (London: John Baker Publishers Ltd).

See: http://www.catastrophism.com/cdrom/pubs/books/gallant/index.htm http://www.velikovsky.info/Ren%C3%A9_Gallant#cite_note-palmer2003-0

1964, Nov 26

Asteroid 2014 EU (H = 27.7 mag, D ≈ 12 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.71 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.88 LD.

See: 2014 EU - JPL , 2014 EU- SSA

1965, Jan 17

Asteroid 2007 BD (H = 25.6 mag, D ≈ 32 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.002 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.855 LD.

See: 2007 BD - JPL , 2007 BD- SSA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_AA

See also: 26 May 1994, 21 Mar 1996, 2 Jan 2014.

1968

European Fireball Network established.

Ref:

- P. Spurný, J. Boroviča, L. Shrbený, 2007, in: A. Milani, G.B. Valsecchi & D. Vokrouhlický (eds.), Proc. IAU Symposium No. 236 on Near Earth Objects, our Celestial Neighbors: Opportunity and Risk, Prague (Czech Republic), 14-18 August 2006 (Cambridge: CUP), p. 121, "Automation of the Czech part of the European Fireball Network: equipment, methods and first results."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007IAUS..236..121S

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Fireball_Network

1968

C.S. Beals, 1968, Contributions Dominion Observatory Ottawa, 4(29), 1, "Theories of the origin of Hudson Bay. I. On the possibility of a catastrophic origin for the great arc of eastern Hudson Bay."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968CoDAO...4....1B

1968, Jan

G.W. Wetherill, J.G. Williams, 1968, Journal of Geophysical Research, 73, 635, "Evaluation of the Apollo asteroids as sources of stone meteorites."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968JGR....73..635W

1968, Mar 14

Asteroid 216985 (2000 QK130, H = 21.1 mag, D ≈ 260 m, PHA), passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.53 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.53 LD.

See: 2000 QK130 - JPL , 2000 QK130 - SSA

See also: 12 Mar 1916, 15 Mar 2036, 15 Mar 2089, 18 Mar 2119.

1968, Apr 23

Asteroid 2008 GD110 (H = 24.5 mag, D ≈ 53 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.60 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.16 LD.

See: 2008 GD110 - JPL , 2008 GD110 - SSA

1968, May 15

Asteroid 2010 JR34 (H = 27.7 mag, D ≈ 12 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.09 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.91 LD.

See: 2010 JR34 -JPL , 2010 JR34 - SSA

1968, Jun 14

Asteroid 1566 Icarus (1949 MA, H = 16 mag, D = 1300 m, PHA) passed Earth at 16.53 LD. Observed by radar by NASA's Goldstone Solar System Radar (CA, USA) and the MIT Haystack Observatory (Westfort, MA, USA).

See:

1949 MA - JPL , 1566 Icarus - SSA

Ref:

- R.M. Goldstein, 1968, Science, 162, 903, "Radar observations of Icarus."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968Sci...162..903G

- B.G. Marsden, 1998, Boston Sunday Globe, 29 March 1989, "How the asteroid story hit: an astronomer reveals how a discovery spun out of control."

See: http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/pressinfo/1997XF11Globe.html

See also: http://iawn.net/

See also: 24 Jan 2018, 25 Jan 2045

1969, Aug 27

Asteroid 192642 (1999 RD32, H = 16.2 mag, D ≈ 2383 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.63 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.62 LD.

See: 1999 RD32 - JPL , 1999 RD32 - SSA

1969, Sep 28

Murchison Fireball and Meteorite. Near the town of Murchison (Victoria, Australia), a bright fireball was observed to separate into three fragments before disappearing, leaving a cloud of smoke. About 30 seconds later, a tremor was heard. Many specimens were found over an area larger than 13 km², with individual masses up to 7 kg; one piece, weighing 680 g, broke through a roof. The total collected mass exceeds 100 kg.

Ref:

- P. Schmitt-Kopplin, Z. Gabelica, R.D. Gougeon, et al., 2010, Proc. Nat Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 2763, "High molecular diversity of extraterrestrial organic matter in Murchison meteorite revealed 40 years after its fall."

See: http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/02/12/0912157107.abstract

- S. Pizzarello, August 2012, Astrophysical Journal (Letters), 754, L27, "Hydrogen cyanide in the Murchison Meteorite."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...754L..27P

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murchison_meteorite

1969, Dec

The Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition discovered nine meteorites on the blue ice field of the Yamato Mountains in Antarctica, December 1969. This was the first significant recovery of Antarctic meteorites and represented samples of several different types. In 2011, co-researchers from the USA, South Korea and Japan have found in meteorite Yamato 691 a new mineral, dubbed "Wassonite", formed from sulfur and titanium, and possessing a unique crystal structure that has not been previously observed in nature.

Ref:

- T. Nagata, 30 June 1976, Meteoritics, 11, 181, "Yamato meteorites collected in Antarctica in 1969." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Metic..11..181N http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/home/wassonite.html

1970, Jan 1

27 NEAs known, of which 10 PHAs.

See: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/

1970

First infrared diameter of an asteroid measured: 4 Vesta (H = 3.40 mag, D = 530 km, main-belt asteroid).

See: Vesta - JPL , 4 Vesta - SSA

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Vesta

Ref:

- D.A. Allen, 1970, Nature, 227, 158, "Infrared diameter of Vesta." See: http://nature.com/nature/journal/v227/n5254/abs/227158a0.html

1970, Jan 3

Lost City Fireball. Four stations (Hominy OK, Woodward OK, Pleasanton KS, and Garden City KS) of the Prairie Meteorite Network simultaneously photographed the track of a meteoroid fireball. Analysis of the photographs indicated that a meteorite might have landed within an area east of Lost City (OK, USA). This was the first time in the US that simultaneous photography of a fireball from multiple observation points was achieved, making it possible to calculate a trajectory and delimit a search area on the ground. Six days later, a 9.83 kg (21.6 pound) meteorite was spotted sitting in a snow-covered dirt road within one-half mile of Lost City. Three additional smaller meteorite fragments were recovered later (272 g, 640 g, 6.6 kg).

Ref:

- Z. Ceplecha, 1996, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 311, 329, "Luminous efficiency based on photographic observations of the Lost City fireball and implications for the influx of interplanetary bodies onto Earth."

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996A%26A...311..329C http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_City,_Oklahoma

1970, Jan 24

C.S. Beals, 1970, Nature, 225, 368, "Impact craters and the relative ages of Earth and Moon."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970Natur.225..368B

1970, Jan 31

Asteroid 2006 AM4 (H = 21.8 mag, D ≈ 180 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.18 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.17 LD.

See: 2006 AM4 - SSA , 2006 AM4 - JPL

1970, Mar 27

Asteroid 215588 (2003 HF2, H = 19.3 mag, D ≈ 490 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.02 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.02 LD.

See: 2003 HF2 - JPL , 2003 HF2 - SSA

1970, Oct

C.J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, P. Herget & T. Gehrels, 1970, Astronomy & Astrophysics Suppl., 2, 339, "The Palomar-Leiden Survey of faint Minor Planets."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970A%26AS....2..339

1971, Jan 17

Asteroid 2018 YW2 (H = 24.0 mag, D ≈ 70 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.25 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.16 LD.

See: 2018 YW2 - JPL , 2018 YW2 - SSA

1971, Feb 4

Asteroid 2016 CE (H = 28.5 mag, D ≈ 8 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.86 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.58 LD. [1971-01]

See: 2016 CE - JPL , 2016 CE - SSA

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_JE9

1973, Jan

Eleanor F. Helin and Eugene M. Shoemaker begin photographic NEO searches using Palomar 46 cm (18 inch) telescope: the Planet-Crossing Asteroid Survey (PCAS), 1973 – 1978. They took photographic plates 3 nights each month till 1978 and found first Earth orbit crosser (asteroid 5496 1973 NA, H = 15.9 mag, D ≈ 2.73 km) on 4 July 1973.

See: 1973 NA - JPL , 5496 1973 NA - SSA

Ref:

- E.F. Helin, E.M. Shoemaker, 1979, Icarus, 40, 321, "The Palomar Planet-Crossing Asteroid Survey, 1973 – 1978."

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Icar...40..321H http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet-Crossing_Asteroid_Survey

1973, Jan 17

Asteroid 2009 BH2 (H = 22.4 mag, D ≈ 142 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.88 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.20 LD.

See: 2009 BH2 - JPL , 2009 BH2 - SSA

1973, Feb

J.K. Bjorkman, 1973, Meteoritics, 8, 91, "Meteors and meteorites in the ancient Near East."

See: http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1973Metic...8...91B&db_key=AST&page_ind=0&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_GIF&classic=YES .

1973, Mar 13

Discovery of asteroid 1943 Anteros (1973 EC, H = 15.75 mag, D ≈ 2.48 km).

See: 1973 EC - JPL , 1973 EC - SSA

See also: 6 February 2015, 23 May 2038, 20 May 2050.

1973, Sep 18

Asteroid 2017 RX2 (H = 26.4 mag, D ≈ 22 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.81 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.50 LD.

See: 2017 RX2 - JPL , 2017 RX2 - SSA

1973, Oct

P.D. Zimmerman, G.W. Wetherill, 1973, Science, 182, 51, "Asteroidal source of meteorites."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973Sci...182...51Z

1973, Dec 19

Asteroid 2017 YO3 (H = 28.2 mag, D ≈ 10 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.43 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.63 LD.

See: 2017 YO3 - JPL , 2017 YO3 - SSA

https://phys.org/news/2017-12-arecibo-radar-asteroid-phaethon-images.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3200_Phaethon

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/433_Eros

See also: 13 Aug 1898, 31 Jan 2012.

1975, Jan 31

Asteroid 27002 (1998 DV9, H = 18.1 mag, D ≈ 700 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.76 LD. Minimum miss distance 1.76 LD.

See: 1998 DV9 - JPL , 1998 DV9 - SSA

1975, Mar 25

Asteroid 2012 FT35 (H = 29.3 mag, D ≈ 6 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.83 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.94 LD.

See: 2012 FT35 - JPL , 2012 FT35 - SSA

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2062_Aten

Ref:

- E.F. Helin, E.M. Shoemaker, 1977, Icarus, 31, 415, "Discovery of asteroid 1976 AA".

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977Icar...31..415H

1976, Jan 16

Asteroid 2008 RM98 (H = 20.5 mag, D ≈ 300 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.18 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.17 LD.

See: 2008 RM98 - JPL , 2008 RM98 - SSA

1976, Jan 28

Gujarat Brilliant Fireball and Dhajala Meteorite Shower, India.

Ref:

- N. Bhandari, D. Lal, J.R. Trivedi, 1976, Meteoritics, 11, 137, "The Dhajala meteorite shower."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Metic..11..137B

1976, Mar 8

Jilin Meteorite Shower, near Jilin City (Jilin Province, China), had a dispersion ellipse of 72 × 8.5 km and landed over 100 fragments with a total mass > 2700 kg. The largest of these fragments weighs 1770 kg and presents the largest stony meteorite known.

Ref:

- K. Yau, P. Weissman, D. Yeomans, 1994, Meteoritics, 29, 864, "Meteorite falls in China and some related human casualty events."

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Metic..29..864Y http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/J/Jilin.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall

1976, Mar 29

Asteroid 2014 GY44 (H = 25.4 mag, D ≈ 35 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.19 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.17 LD.

See: 2014 GY44 - JPL , 2014 GY44 - SSA

1976, Oct 17

Asteroid 2013 UG1 (H = 22.2 mag, D ≈ 149 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.85 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.85 LD. [1976-01]

See: 2013 UG1 - JPL , 2013 UG1 - SSA

See also:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_GA

1978

C.R. Chapman, J.G. Williams, W.K. Hartmann, 1978, Annual Review of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 16, 33, "The asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978ARA%26A..16...33C

1978

L'. Kresák, 1978, Bulletin Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia, 29, 103, "Passages of comets and asteroids near the earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978BAICz..29..103K

1978

L'. Kresák, 1978, Bulletin Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia, 29, 114, "The comet and asteroid population of the earth's environment."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978BAICz..29..114K

1978

L'. Kresák, 1978, Bulletin Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia, 29, 149, "The total number of the Apollo asteroids and their chance rediscoveries."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978BAICz..29..149K

1978

B.L. Narendra, 1978, Discovery 13(1), 10, "The Peabody Museum meteorite collection: a historic account."

See:

http://peabody.yale.edu/collections/meteorites-and-planetary-science/weston-meteorite

http://peabody.yale.edu/collections/meteorites-and-planetary-science/wethersfield-meteorite

1978

G.L. Verschuur, 1978, Cosmic Catastrophes (Reading, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley Publ. Co.).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978coca.book.....V

1978, Jan 28

Asteroid 2019 BE5 (H = 25.1 mag, D ≈ 40 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.08 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.41 LD.

See: 2019 BE5 - JPL , 2019 BE5 - SSA

1980

E. Helin, D. Morrison, G. Wetherill, M. Hanner, 1980, Sky & Telescope, 60, 12, "IRAS and the asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980S%26T....60...12H

1980, Jan 12

L. Alvarez, W. Alvarez, S. Klint, 1980, Science News, 117(2), 22, 12 January 1980, "Asteroid-caused extinctions." Correction: Science News, 117(6), .., 9 February 1980.

See:

http://www.sciencenews.org/view/feature/id/188305/title/Now_--_Asteroid-Caused_Extinctions http://www.sciencenews.org/view/feature/id/177017/title/Correction_Now_--_Asteroid-Caused_Extinctions http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980SciN..117...22A

1980, Jan 20

Asteroid 2018 BH3 (H = 25.4 mag, D ≈ 38 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.14 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.92 LD.

See: 2018 BH3 - JPL , 2018 BH3 - SSA

http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroidwatch/newsfeatures.cfm?release=2011-296

http://www.space.com/19681-dinosaur-killing-asteroid-chicxulub-crater.html

http://www.space.com/20354-dinosaur-extinction-caused-by-comet.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicxulub_crater

1980, Jun 6

L.W. Alvarez, W. Alvarez, F. Asaro, H.V. Michel, 1980, Science, 208, 1095, 6 June 1980, "Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous–Tertiary [K-T] extinction."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980Sci...208.1095A

1980, Aug 5

Tajikistan Fireball, 5 August 1980, observed by the meteor observing stations operated by the Meteor Patrol of the Hissar Astronomical Observatory (Tajikistan) and Kipchak station.

Ref:

- N.A. Konovalova, J.M. Madiedo, J.M. Trigo-Rodríguez, 2013, LPI Contribution No. 1719, p. 1479, "Analysis of a large meteorite-dropping fireball from the Apollo NEA family."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013LPICo1719.1479K

1980, Sep 22

Asteroid 2016 FW3 (H = 25.2 mag, D ≈ 37 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.01 LD. Minimum miss distance 1.003 LD.

See: 2016 FW3 - JPL , 2016 FW3 - SSA

1980, Sep 28

Asteroid 2011 TO (H = 26.3 mag, D ≈ 23 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.38 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.79 LD.

See: 2011 TO - JPL , 2011 TO - SSA

See also: 28 Sep 2011, 27 Sep 2044.

1980, Oct 15

Asteroid 2018 RY1 (H = 24.4 mag, D ≈ 54 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.44 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.41 LD. [1980-01]

See: 2011 RY1 - JPL , 2011 RY1 - SSA

See also: http://iawn.net/

1983, Jan 3

Asteroid 471240 (2011 BT15, H = 21.7 mag, D ≈ 190 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.04 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.04 LD.

See: 2011 BT15 - JPL , 2011 BT15 - SSA

http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/06dec_geminids/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3200_Phaethon

1984

The 0.9-m Spacewatch Telescope became the first telescope to detect and discover asteroids and comets with electronic detectors (CCDs, as opposed to photographic plates or films).

See: http://spacewatch.lpl.arizona.edu/

1984, Jan

Z. Sekanina, D.K. Yeomans, 1984, Astronomical Journal, 89, 154, "Close encounters and collisions of comets with the Earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984AJ.....89..154S

1984, Jan 10

Asteroid 2016 TB57 (H = 26.1 mag, D ≈ 26 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.77 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.76 LD. [1984-01]

See: 2016 TB57 - JPL , 2016 TB57 - SSA

1984, May 24

J.K. Davies, S.F. Green, B.C. Stewart, et al., 1984, Nature, 309, 315, "The IRAS fast-moving object search."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Natur.309..315D

1984, Jul

C.J. van Houten, P. Herget, B.G. Marsden, 1984, Icarus, 59, 1, "The Palomar-Leiden Survey of Faint Minor Planets – conclusion."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Icar...59....1V

1984, Jul 27

Asteroid 2014 SP142 (H = 21.8 mag, D ≈ 180 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.53 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.47 LD.

See: 2014 SP142 - JPL , 2014 SP142- SSA

See also: http://iawn.net/

1986, Sep 22-25

R.N. Pugh, J.E. Allen, 1986, presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, American Museum of Natural History, New York (NY, USA), LPI Contribution 600, p.208, "Origing of the Willamette Meteorite."

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986LPICo.600E.208P http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Meteorite

1986, Oct 11

Asteroid 2012 TC4 (H = 26.7 mag, D ≈ 15 x 8 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.84 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.62x10^-7 LD (= 1.58x10^-5 R_Earth from the geocenter).

See: 2012 TC4 - JPL , 2012 TC4 - SSA

See also: 12 Oct 2012, 12 Oct 2017

1987

R.A.F. Grieve, 1987, Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 15, 245, "Terrestrial impact structures."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987AREPS..15..245G

1987, Apr 21

Asteroid 2017 HV2 (H = 28.9 mag, D ≈ 7 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 8.76 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.19 LD.

See: 2017 HV2 - JPL , 2017 HV2 - SSA

1987, Jun 1

Asteroid 2014 WG365 (H = 20.2 mag, D ≈ 388 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.94 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.94 LD.

See: 2014 WG365 - JPL , 2014 WG365 - SSA

1987, Jul

D.K. Yeomans, S.J. Ostro, P.W. Chodas, 1987, Astronomical Journal, 94, 189, "Radar astrometry of near-earth asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987AJ.....94..189Y

1987, Jul

Z. Ceplecha, P. Spurný, J. Bocek, et al., 1987, Bulletin Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia, 38, 211, "European Network fireballs photographed in 1978."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987BAICz..38..211C

1987, Jul

Z. Ceplecha, 1988, Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia, 38, 222, "Geometric, dynamic, orbital and photometric data on meteoroids from photographic fireball networks."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987BAICz..38..222C

1987, Sep

P. Hut, W. Alvarez, W.P. Elder, et al., 1987, Nature, 329, 118, "Comet showers as a cause of mass extinction."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987Natur.329..118H

1987, Nov 3

Asteroid 2010 TU149 (H = 20.6 mag, D ≈ 603 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.75 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.74 LD.

See: 2010 TU149 - JPL , 2010 TU149 - SSA

1988

T. Gehrels, 1988, On the Glassy Sea. An Astronomer's Journey (New York: American Institute of Physics), Ch. 16, p. 183, "Asteroid I mpacts and planet formation". Including the history of the 90 cm Spacewatch Telescope on Kitt Peak (AZ, USA).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988gsaa.book.....G

1988, Jan 27

Asteroid 2008 TC3 (H = 30.9 mag, D ≈ 4.1 m, Apollo NEO) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 11.22 LD. Minimum miss distance 10.82 LD.

See: 2008 TC3 - JPL , 2008 TC3 - SSA

See also: 4 Oct 1917, 11 Oct 1961, 2 Oct 1971, 6 Oct 2008.

1988, Feb 18

K.A. Maher, D.J. Stevenson, 1988, Nature, 331, 612, "Impact frustration of the origin of life."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Natur.331..612M

1988, Mar 8-11

International conference on Asteroids II, Tucson (AZ, USA). Proceedings: R.P. Binzel, T. Gehrels, & M.S. Matthews (eds.), 1989, Asteroids II (Tucson: Univ. Arizona Press).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989aste.conf.....B

1988, Apr 21

H.J. Melosh, 1988, Nature, 332, 687, "The rocky road to panspermia."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Natur.332..687M

1988, Jul

Z. Ceplecha, 1988, Bulletin Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia, 39, 221, "Earth's influx of different populations of sporadic meteoroids from photographic and television data."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988BAICz..39..221C

1988, Aug

T. Gehrels, 1988, in: Reports of Planetary Astronomy (NASA: Washington), p. 45, "CCD scanning for comets and asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988plas.rept...45G

1988, Sep 22

Asteroid 523654 (2011 SR5, H = 20.9 mag, D ≈ 270 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.78 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.77 LD.

See: 2011 SR5 - JPL , 2011 SR5 - SSA

See also:

D.L. Matson, IPAC, JPL D-3698, 1986, http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/IRASdocs/surveys/comet.html

1989

C.M. Bardwell (1926 – 2010), 1989, Temmon GuideMarsden, "A brief history of the Minor Planet Center."

See: http://www.oaa.gr.jp/~oaacs/mp/BriefHistoryofMPCbyConradBardwell.pdf

1989, Jan 4

Re-discovery of the largest known PHA: 4179 Toutatis, 1989 AC (H = 15.3 mag, D = 4.6×2.4×1.9 km, P = 4.03 yr). It was first sighted on February 10, 1934, as object 1934 CT, and then promptly lost. Re-discovery on January 4, 1989, by Christian Pollas (France), and was named after the Celtic god Toutatis/Teutates, known to popular culture as the God the cartoon character Astérix's chief Vitalstatistix evokes so that the sky may never fall on his head. Radar imagery has shown

that Toutatis is a irregular body consisting of two distinct "lobes", with maximum widths of about 4.6 km and 2.4 km respectively. It is hypothesized that Toutatis formed from two originally separate bodies which coalesced at some point, with the resultant asteroid being compared to a "rubble pile".

See:

1989 AC - JPL , 4179 Toutatis - SSA

Ref:

- J.-L. Heudier, R. Chemin, A. Maury, C. Pollas, January 1989, IAU Circ., 4701, 2, "1989 AC."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989IAUC.4701....2H

- S.J. Ostro, R.S. Hudson, R.F. Jurgens, et al., 1995, Science, 270, 80, "Radar images of asteroid 4179 Toutatis."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...270...80O

- R.S. Hudson, S.J. Ostro, 1995, Science, 270, 84, "Shape and non-principal axis spin state of asteroid 4179 Toutatis."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...270...84H

- D.J. Scheeres, S.J. Ostro, R.S. Hudson, et al., 1998, Icarus, 132, 53, "Dynamics of orbits close to asteroid 4179 Toutatis."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Icar..132...53S

- S.J. Ostro, R.S. Hudson, K.D. Rosema, et al., 1999, Icarus, 137, 122, "Asteroid 4179 Toutatis: 1996 radar observations."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Icar..137..122O

- R.S. Hudson, S.J. Ostro, D.J. Scheeres, 2003, Icarus, 161, 346, "High-resolution model of asteroid 4179 Toutatis."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Icar..161..346H

- A.M. MacRobert, 2004, Sky & Telescope, 108 (3), 82, "The Closest Whiz-by of Toutatis."

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004S%26T...108c..82M http://br.groups.yahoo.com/group/Astronomynews/message/5177

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toutatis-4179

1989, Mar

G.W. Wetherill, 1989, Meteoritics, 24, 15, "Cratering of the terrestrial planets by Apollo objects."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Metic..24...15W

1989, Mar 2

Asteroid 2016 DV1 (H = 24.8 mag, D ≈ 47 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 6.55 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.05 LD.

See: 2016 DV1 - JPL , 2016 DV1 - SSA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4581_Asclepius

See also: 16 Aug 2012, 24 Mar 2051.

1989, Apr

G. Hahn, P. Magnusson, A.W. Harris, et al., 1989, Icarus, 78, 363, "Physical studies of Apollo-Amor asteroids - UBVRI photometry of 1036 Ganymed and 1627 Ivar."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Icar...78..363H

1989, Apr

A. Milani, M. Carpino, G. Hahn, A.M. Nobili, 1989, Icarus, 78, 212, "Dynamics of planet-crossing asteroids – classes of orbital behaviour. Project SPACEGUARD."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Icar...78..212M

1989, Apr

G.J. Veeder, M.S. Hanner, D.L. Matson, et al., 1989, Astronomical Journal, 97, 1211, "Radiometry of Near-Earth Asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989AJ.....97.1211V

1989, May

S. van den Bergh, 1989, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 101, 500, "Life and death in the inner solar system."

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PASP..101..500V http://www.astronomynotes.com/solfluf/s5.htm

1989, Jun 6

Asteroid 2018 LA (H = 30.5 mag, D ≈ 3 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 18.80 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.24 LD..

See: 2018 LA - SSA , 2018 LA - JPL

Ref:

- S.J. Ostro, J.F. Chandler, A.A. Hine, et al., 1990, Science, 248, 1523, "Radar images of asteroid 1989 PB."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Sci...248.1523O

As of May 2008, Ostro and his collaborators had detected 222 NEAs (including 130 PHAs and 24 binaries) and 118 main-belt objects with radar.

See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=180

1989, Sep 15

Asteroid 408792 (2000 GF2, H = 20.4 mag, D ≈ 300 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.90 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.90 LD.

See: 2000 GF2- JPL , 2000 GF2- SSA

1989, Oct 20

Asteroid 2015 UH52 (H = 26.0 mag, D ≈ 27 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.28 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.027 LD (= 1.61 R_Earth from the geocenter).

See : 2015 UH52 - JPL , 2015 UH52 - SSA

See also: 19 Oct 2000, 20 Oct 2052.

1989, Nov

J. Luu, D. Jewitt, 1989, Astronomical Journal, 98, 1905, "On the relative numbers of C types and S types among near-earth asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989AJ.....98.1905L

1989, Nov 4

Asteroid 2015 JJ (H = 22.1 mag, D ≈ 160 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.12 LD. Minimum miss distance 9.12 LD.

See : 2015 JJ - JPL , 2015 JJ - SSA

See also: 5 Nov 2050, 6 Nov 2110.

1989, Nov 6

D.M. Raup, P.A. Sabine, P. Ashmole, et al., 1989, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, series B, Biological Sciences, vol. 325, No. 1228, Evolution and Extinction, p. 421, "The case for extraterrestrial causes of extinction."

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989RSPTB.325..421R http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2396933.pdf?acceptTC=true

1989, Nov 9

N.H. Sleep, K.J. Zahnle, J.F. Kasting, H.J. Morowitz, 1989, Nature, 342, 139, "Annihilation of ecosystems by large asteroid impacts on the early Earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Natur.342..139S

1989, Dec

C.R. Chapman, D. Morrison, 1989, Mercury, 18, 185, "Cosmic impacts, cosmic catastrophes."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Mercu..18..185C

1990, Jan 1

134 NEAs known, of which 42 PHAs.

See: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/

1990

V.L. Sharpton, P.D. Ward (eds.), 1990, Proc. Global catastrophes in earth history; an interdisciplinary conference on impacts, volcanism, and mass mortality, …, …., 20-23 October 1988, Geological Society of America Special Papers, Vol. 247.

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247

Among the articles:

- K.W. Flessa, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 1, "The “facts” of mass extinctions."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/1.abstract

- R.B. Stothers, M.R. Rampino, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 9, "Periodicity in flood basalts, mass extinctions, and impacts; A statistical view and a model."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/9.abstract

- D.E. Loper, K.McCartney, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 19, "On impacts as a cause of geomagnetic field reversals or flood basalts."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/19.abstract

- D.M. Raup, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 27, "Impact as a general cause of extinction; A feasibility test "

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/27.abstract

- C.J. Orth, M. Attrep, L.R. Quintana, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 45, "Iridium abundance patterns across bio-event horizons in the fossil record."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/45.abstract

- KJ. Hsü, J.A. McKenzie, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 61, "Carbon-isotope anomalies at era boundaries; Global catastrophes and their ultimate cause."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/61.abstract

- S.A. Davenport, T.J. Wdowiak, D.D. Jones, P.Wdowiak, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 71, "Chondritic metal toxicity as a seed stock kill mechanism in impact-caused mass extinctions."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/71.abstract

- W. Alvarez, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 93, "Interdisciplinary aspects of research on impacts and mass extinctions; A personal view."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/93.abstract

- U.B. Marvin, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 147, "Impact and its revolutionary implications for geology."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/147.abstract

- E.M. Shoemaker, R.F. Wolfe, C.S. Shoemaker, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 1, "Asteroid and comet flux in the neighborhood of Earth."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/155.abstract

- P.R. Weissman, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 171, "The cometary impactor flux at the Earth."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/171.abstract

- N.G. Barlow, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 181, "Application of the inner Solar System cratering record to the Earth."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/181.abstract

- R. Rocchia, P. Bonté, C.Jéhanno, et al., 1990, GSA SP, 247, 189, "Search for the Tunguska event relics in the Antarctic snow and new estimation of the cosmic iridium accretion rate."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/189.abstract

- H.E. Newsom, G. Graup, D.A. Iseri, et al., 1990, GSA SP, 247, 195, "The formation of the Ries Crater, West Germany; Evidence of atmospheric interactions during a larger cratering event."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/195.abstract

- J.B. Hartung, M.J. Kunk, R.R. Anderson, et al., 1990, GSA SP, 247, 207, "Geology, geophysics, and geochronology of the Manson impact structure."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/207.abstract

- L.F. Jansa, M--P. Aubry, F.M. Gradstein, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 223, "Comets and extinctions; Cause and effect."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/223.abstract

- C. Koeberl, V.L. Sharpton, T.M.Harrison, et al., 1990, GSA SP, 247, 233, "The Kara/Ust-Kara twin impact structure; A large-scale impact event in the Late Cretaceous."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/233.abstract

- P.H. Schultz, D.E. Gault, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 239, "Prolonged global catastrophes from oblique impacts."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/239.abstract

- C. Covey, S.J. Ghan, J.J. Walton, P.R. Weissman, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 263, "Global environmental effects of impact-generated aerosols; Results from a general circulation model."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/263.abstract

- K.J. Zahnle, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 271, "Atmospheric chemistry by large impacts."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/271.abstract

- A.M. Vickery, H.J. Melosh, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 289, "Atmospheric erosion and impactor retention in large impacts, with application to mass extinctions."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/289.abstract

- V.L. Sharpton, R.A.F. Grieve, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 301, "Meteorite impact, cryptoexplosion, and shock metamorphism; A perspective on the evidence at the K/T boundary."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/301.abstract

- B.F. Bohor, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 335, "Shocked quartz and more; Impact signatures in Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary clays."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/335.abstract

- V.L. Sharpton, B.C. Schuraytz, K. Burke, et al., 1990, GSA SP, 247, 349, "Detritus in K/T boundary clays of western North America; Evidence against a single oceanic impact."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/349.abstract

- E. Doehne, S.V. Margolis, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 367, "Trace-element geochemistry and mineralogy of the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary; Identification of extraterrestrial components."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/367.abstract

- I. Gilmour, W.S. Wolbach, E. Anders, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 383, "Early environmental effects of the terminal Cretaceous impact."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/383.abstract

- E. Thomas, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 481, "Late Cretaceous–early Eocene mass extinctions in the deep sea."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/481.abstract

- N. MacLeod, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 595, "Effects of late Eocene impacts on planktic foraminifera."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/595.abstract

- A. Montanari, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 607, "Geochronology of the terminal Eocene impacts; An update."

See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/607.abstract

1990

S.V.M. Clube, W.M. Napier, 1990, The Cosmic Winter (Oxford: Blackwell).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990cowi.book.....C

1990

From 1990 until its termination in 1996, Duncan Steel, director of Spaceguard Australia and Vice-President of The Spaceguard Foundation (see 26 March 1996), directed the southern hemisphere program Anglo-Australian Near Earth Asteroid Survey (AANEAS) for the discovery and tracking of near-Earth asteroids, based at the Anglo-Australian Observatory, using the UK 1.2m Schmidt Telescope.

Ref:

- D.I. Steel, R.H. McNaught, G.J. Garradd, D.J. Asher, K.S. Russell, 1997, Australian J. Astron., 7, 67, "AANEAS: a valedictory report."

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997AuJA....7...67S http://users.tpg.com.au/users/tps-seti/spacegd4.html

http://www.sis-group.org.uk/abstract/steel2.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Australian_Near-Earth_Asteroid_Survey

1990

R.A.F. Grieve, 1990, Scientific American, 262(4), 66, "Impact cratering on the Earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990SciAm.262...44G

1990

E.F. Helin, R.S. Dunbar, 1990, Vistas in Astronomy, 33, 21, "Search techniques for near-earth asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990VA.....33...21H

1990, Feb

Chapman, C.R., Morrison, D., 1990, Mercury, 19, 21; 19, 30, "Cosmic impacts, cosmic catastrophes. II."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Mercu..19...21C

1990, Mar

D. Morrison, C.R. Chapman, 1990, Sky & Telescope, 79, 261, "Target Earth – it will happen."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990S%26T....79..261M

1990, Apr

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), recommendations concerning NEOs to US Congress in a Position Paper Dealing with the Threat of an Asteroid Striking the Earth. See: http://pdf.aiaa.org//downloads/publicpolicypositionpapers//Asteroid-1990.pdf

1990, Apr 7

Glanerbrug meteorite. A fireball seen by hundreds of people in the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark resulted in an impact of an 885 g meteorite, riddling the roof of a home in Glanerbrug (the Netherlands).

See: http://www.sterrenkunde.nl/index/encyclopedie/meteoren.html http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glanerbrug_meteoriet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall

1990, Apr 26

C.R. Chapman, 1990, Nature, 344, 813, "Meteorite parent bodies." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Natur.344..813C

1990, Jul 7

Asteroid 2018 NX (H = 27.7 mag, D ≈ 12 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 7.62 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.61 LD.

See: 2018 NX - SSA , 2018 NX - JPL

See also: http://iawn.net/

See also: 7 July 2018, 5 July 2086.

1990, Jul 25

Asteroid 2013 PG10 (H = 27.7 mag, D ≈ 12 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 7.05 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.63 LD.

See: 2013 PG10 - SSA , 2013 PG10 - JPL

1990, Dec

A. Milani, M. Carpino, F. Marzari, 1990, Icarus, 88, 292, "Statistics of close approaches between asteroids and planets: project SPACEGUARD."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Icar...88..292M

1991

US Congresssional Statement 1991: "The House Committee on Science and Technology believes that it is imperative that the detection rate of Earth‐orbit‐crossing asteroids must be increased substantially, and that the means to destroy or alter the orbits of asteroids when they do threaten collisions should be defined and agreed upon internationally. The chances of the Earth being struck by a large asteroid are extremely small, but because the consequences of such a collision are extremely large, the Committee believes it is only prudent to assess the nature of the threat and prepare to deal with it." NASA Authorization Bill, 1991.

The US Congress House Committee on Science and Technology used NASA Authorization Bill to direct NASA to study (1) a programme to increase detection rate of Earth-orbit-crossing asteroids addressing costs, schedule, technology and equipment (Spaceguard Survey Report); (2) systems and technologies to destroy or alter orbits of such asteroids if they should pose a danger to life on Earth (NEO Interception Workshop).

See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/gov_cong_hearings_1.cfm

1991

The 5000^th minor planet was numbered at the IAU Minor Planet Center, main-belt asteroid 5000 IAU (1987 QN7, H = 14.3 mag, D ≈ 5858 m), discovered on 23 August 1987 by Eleanor F. Helin (1932 – 2009) at Palomar Observatory (CA, USA).

See: 1987 QN7 - JPL , 5000 IAU - SSA ,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5000_IAU

1991, Jan 18

Asteroid 1991 BA (H = 28.7 mag, D ≈ 8 m, Apollo) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.44 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.36 LD. [1991-01]

See: 1991 BA - JPL , 1991 BA - SSA

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_BA

Ref:

- D. Steel, 1991, Nature, 354, 265, "Our asteroid-pelted planet". See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Natur.354..265S

- J.V. Scotti, D.L. Rabinowitz, B.G. Marsden, 1991, Nature, 354, 287, "Near miss of the Earth by a small asteroid."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Natur.354..287S

1991, Mar

P. Hut, E.M. Shoemaker, W. Alvarez, A. Montanari,1991, Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 22, 603, "Astronomical mechanisms and geologic evidence for multiple impacts on Earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991LPI....22..603H

1991, Apr

D.L. Rabinowitz, 1991, Astronomical Journal, 101, 1518, "Detection of earth-approaching asteroids in near real time."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991AJ....101.1518R

1991, Apr 8

Asteroid 2012 UE34 (H = 23.1 mag, D ≈ 99 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.85 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.68 LD. [1991-02]

See: 2012 UE34 - JPL , 2012 UE34 - SSA

See also:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_UE34

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/951_Gaspra

Ref:

- J. Veverka, M. Belton, K. Klaasen, C. Chapman, 1994, Icarus, 107, 2, "Galileo's encounter with 951 Gaspra: overview."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Icar..107....2V

1991, Nov

G.L. Verschuur, 1991, Air and Space, vol. 6, Oct.-Nov. 1991, p. 88, "This target earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991AirSp...6...88V

1991, Nov 28

J.V. Scotti, D.L. Rabinowitz, B.G. Marsden, 1991, Nature, 354, 287, "Near miss of the earth by a small asteroid."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Natur.354..287S

1991, Dec

S.J. Ostro, 1991, Meteoritics, 26, 381, "Radar constraints on asteroid metal abundances and meteorite associations."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Metic..26R.381O

1991, Dec

A. Cellino, V. Zappalà, P. Farinella, 1991, Monthly Notices Royal Astronomical Society, 253, 561, "The size distribution of main-belt asteroids from IRAS data."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991MNRAS.253..561C

The IRAS data base on asteroid albedos and diameters has been used to derive size distributions for a set of ~ 4000 numbered main-belt asteroids.

1991, Dec

T. Gehrels, 1991, Space Science Reviews, 58, 347, "Scanning with charge-coupled devices."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991SSRv...58..347G

1991, Dec 27

Asteroid 2019 AQ2 (H = 25.5 mag, D ≈ 30 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.09 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.69 LD.

See: 2019 AQ2- JPL , 2019AQ2 - SSA

1992, Aug 7

R.P. Binzel, S. Xu, S.J. Bus, E. Bowell, 1992, Science, 257, 779, "Origins for the Near-Earth Asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Sci...257..779B

1992, Aug 17

Asteroid 2017 WN28, H = 19.8 mag, D ≈ 464 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 5.32 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.73 LD.

See: 2017 WN28 - JPL , 2017 WN28 - SSA

1992, Sep

Z. Ceplecha, 1992, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 263, 361, "Influx of interplanetary bodies onto earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992A%26A...263..361C

1992, Oct 9

Peekskill Fireball and Meteorite. A fireball was seen streaking across the sky from Kentucky to New York. At least 14 people captured part of the fireball on videotape. A 12-kilogram stony meteorite (chondrite) from the fireball fell in Peekskill (NY, USA), smashed the trunk of a parked automobile and came to rest beneath it.

Ref:

- Z. Ceplecha, P. Brown, R.L. Hawkes, 1994, Meteoritics, 29, 455, "Video observations of the Peekskill meteorite fireball: atmospheric trajectory and orbit."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Metic..29Q.455C

- P. Brown, Z. Ceplecha, R.L. Hawkes, et al., 1994, Nature, 367, 624, "The orbit and atmospheric trajectory of the Peekskill meteorite from video records."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.367..624B

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/meteors/impacts.html http://uregina.ca/~astro/mb_5.html http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/1535-when-space-attacks-6-craziest-meteor-impacts-history.html

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap021118.html http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap061119.html http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap110123.html

1992, Nov 23

J. Impocco, J.F. Podevin, 1992, Newsweek, 23 November 1992, Vol. 120, No. 21, "Doomsday science - New theories about comets, asteroids and how the world might end."

See: http://www.amazon.com/Newsweek-November-DOOMSDAY-THEORIES-ASTEROIDS/dp/B0054K8T0E

1992, Dec 3

T.J. Ahrens, A.W. Harris, 1992, Nature, 360, 429, "Deflection and fragmentation of near-Earth asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Natur.360..429A

1992, Dec 8

Asteroid 4179 Toutatis (1989 AC, H = 15.3 mag, D = 4.6×2.4×1.9 km, orbital P = 4.03 yr, PHA) passed Earth at 9.40 LD. Minimum miss distance 9.40 LD. It is the largest known PHA.

See: 1989 AC - JPL , 4179 Toutatis - SSA

Ref:

- R.S. Hudson, S.J. Ostro, D.J. Scheeres, 2003, Icarus, 161, 346, "High-resolution model of asteroid 4179 Toutatis."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Icar..161..346H

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4179_Toutatis

See also: 30 Nov 1996, 31 Oct 2000, 29 Sep 2004, 9 Nov 2008, 12 Dec 2012, 5 Nov 2069.

1993

NASA Planetary Astronomy Program Office begins ramp up of funding for NEO observations.

1993

Major L.N. Johnson, 1993, White Paper, presented to SPACECAST 2020, "Preparing for Planetary Defense: detection and interception of asteroids on collision course with Earth." In this paper the term Planetary Defense was coined.

See:

http://csat.au.af.mil/2020/index.htm http://www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/usaf/2020/app-r.htm

1993

Photographic asteroid and comet search project started by Timothy B. Spahr and C. Hergenrother (LPL, Univ. of Arizona). This project eventually evolved into the Catalina Sky Survey in 1998.

Ref:

- T.B. Spahr, C. Hergenrother, S.M. Larson, 1993, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 25, 1059, "High ecliptic latitude asteroid and comet search."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993DPS....25.1013S

1993

Arthur C. Clarke (1917-2008, UK/Sri Lanka), 1993, The Hammer of God (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd).

See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hammer_of_God

1993

R.A.F. Grieve, 1993, Vistas in Astronomy, 36, 203, "Impact craters: lessons from and for the Earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993VA.....36..203G

1993

F.E. Wickman, 1993, Swedish Geol. Journal, 115, 29, "Eight pound ball fell on the ship and killed two boatsmen." An eight-pound meteorite hit the Dutch VOC ship Malacca, sailing from Holland to Batavia (Java, Netherlands-Indies) in 1648, allegedly killing two sailors. Story based on book Reesa till Ostindien jempte een kort berättelse om konungerijket Japan (1674) by 17^th century Swedish historian-turned sailor Olof Eriksson Willman, who travelled the Netherlands-Indies in 1647 – 1653.

1993, Jan 7

C.F. Chyba, P.J. Thomas, K.J. Zahnle, 1993, Nature, 361, 40, "The 1908 Tunguska explosion: atmospheric disruption of a stony asteroid."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.361...40C

1993, Jan 7-12

Workshop on Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids (3), Tucson (AZ, USA). Proceedings: T. Gehrels, M.S. Matthews & A.M. Schumann (eds.), 1994, Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids (Tucson: Univ. Arizona Press).

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994hdtc.conf.....G http://www.ips.gov.au/IPSHosted/neo/info/refers/Bk_Hazards_Gehrels.htm

1993, Jan 19

Lugo Fireball and Airburst (Northern, Italy).

See:

http://www.ta3.sk/caosp/Eedition/FullTexts/vol24/pp117-124.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts

1993, Feb

P. Farinella, R. Gonczi, Ch. Froeschlé, C. Froeschlé, 1993, Icarus, 101, 174, "The injection of asteroid fragments into resonances." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Icar..101..174F

1993, Mar

J.G. Hills, M.P. Goda, 1993, Astronomical Journal, 105, 1114, "The fragmentation of small asteroids in the atmosphere."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993AJ....105.1114H

1993, Mar

European Science Foundation (ESF) initiates new scientific network "Impact Cratering and Evolution of Planet Earth." This led to the submission of a Research Networking Programme proposal in 1998, "Response of the Earth System to Impact Processes (IMPACT)", approved for five years, 1998 to 2002. Four workshops were held in 2002 – 2003."

See: http://www.esf.org/impact

1993, Mar 24

U.S. Congressional Hearing on NEOs and Planetary Defense: "The Threat of Large Earth-Orbit Crossing Asteroids."

See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/gov_earthasteroids_1.cfm

1993, Apr

D.L. Rabinowitz, 1993, Astrophysical Journal, 407, 412, "The size distribution of the Earth-approaching asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ApJ...407..412R

1993, Apr

J.C. Solem, 1993, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 30 (2), 222, "Interception of comets and asteroids on collision course with Earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JSpRo..30..222S

1993, May

Workshop on Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids (4), Erice (Italy). Proceedings: T. Gehrels, M.S. Matthews & A.M. Schumann (eds.), 1994, Hazards due to Comets and Asteroids (Tucson: Univ. Arizona Press).

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994hdtc.conf.....G http://www.ips.gov.au/IPSHosted/neo/info/refers/Bk_Hazards_Gehrels.htm

1993, May 20

Asteroid 1993 KA2 (H = 29.0 mag, D ≈ 7 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.39 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.39 LD. [1993-01]

See: 1993 KA2 - JPL , 1993 KA2 - SSA

1993, Jun 14-18

IAU Symposium No. 160 on Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, V, Belgirate (Italy). Proceedings: A. Milani, M. Di Martino & A. Cellino (eds.), 1994, Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1993 (Dordrecht: Kluwer).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994IAUS..160.....M

1993, Jun 24

C.F. Chyba, 1993, Nature, 363, 701, "Explosions of small Spacewatch objects in the Earth's atmosphere."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.363..701C

1993, Jun 24

D.L. Rabinowitz, T. Gehrels, J.V. Scotti, et al., 1993, Nature, 363, 704, "Evidence for a near-Earth asteroid belt."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.363..704R

1993, Jul

D. Morrison, 1993, in: Proc. IAF 43^rd International Astronautical Congress, Washington DC (USA), 28 August – 5 September 1992, Acta Astronautica, 30, 11, "An international program to protect the earth from impact catastrophe: Initial steps."

See: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/009457659390095E

1993, Aug 17

Tom Gehrels' Vainu Bappu Lecture, presented to the 6^th Asian-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting, 16-20 August, Pune (India). Ref.: T. Gehrels, 1995, J. Astrophys. Astr. Suppl., 16, 1, "The beauty and danger of comets and asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JApAS..16....1G

1993, Aug 28

NASA spacecraft Galileo flew by asteroid 243 Ida (H = 9.94 mag, D = 59.8 × 25.4 × 18.6 km, main-belt asteroid) at a distance of 10,300 km, and discovered binary component Dactyl (D = 1.4 km), orbiting Ida at a distance of 56 km.

See: 243 Ida - JPL , 243 Ida - SSA ,

Ref:

- E. Asphaug, 2004, in: M.J.S. Belton, et al. (eds.), Mitigation of Hazardous Comets and Asteroids (Cambridge: CUP), p. 66, "Interior structures for asteroids and cometary nuclei".

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004mhca.conf...66A

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/243_Ida

1993, Sep

S. Larson, J. Brownlee, C. Hergenrother, T. Spahr, 1993, AAS-DPS meeting #30, id.12.P14; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 30, 1037, "The Catalina Sky Survey for NEOs."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998BAAS...30.1037L

1993, Nov

P. Farinella, B. Chauvineau, 1993, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 279, 251, "On the evolution of binary Earth-approaching asteriods."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993A%26A...279..251F

1993, Nov

Z. Ceplecha, P. Spurný, J. Borovićka, J. Keclíková, 1993, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 279, 615, "Atmospheric fragmentation of meteoroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993A%26A...279..615C

1993, Nov 4

H.J. Melosh, I.V. Nemchinov, 1993, Nature, 366, 21, "Solar asteroid diversion."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.366...21M

1993, Nov 30

Asteroid 2015 XG55 (H = 27.7 mag, D ≈ 12 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.52 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.69 LD.

See: 2015 XG55 - JPL , 2015 XG55 - SSA

1993, Dec

D.J. Asher, S.V.M. Clube, 1993, Quarterly Journal Royal Astronomical Society, 34, 481, "An extraterrestrial influence during the current Glacial-Interglacial."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993QJRAS..34..481A

1994

T. Gehrels, M.S. Matthews & A.M. Schumann (eds.), 1994, Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids (Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press). Proceedings of four Workshops in April/May 1991, January 1992, January 1993, and May 1993.

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994hdtc.conf.....G http://ips.gov.au/IPSHosted/neo/info/refers/Bk_Hazards_Gehrels.htm

1994

R.Z. Akhmetshin, V.V. Ivashkin, V.V. Smirnov, 1994, Astronomicheskij Vestnik, 28, 13, "An analysis of the possibility of asteroid hazard mitigation for the Earth by the impact of a spacecraft."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994AVest..28...13A

1994

D.J. Asher, S.V.M. Clube, W.M. Napier, D.I. Steel, 1994, Vistas in Astronomy, 38, 1, "Coherent catastrophism."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994VA.....38....1A

1994

E. Kristan-Tollmann, A. Tolmann, 1994, Terra Nova, 6, 209, "The youngest big impact on Earth deduced from geological and historical evidence."

See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollmann's_hypothetical_bolide

1994

A. Deutsch, C. Koeberl, J.D. Blum, et al., 1994, Terra Nova, 6, 644, "The impact-flood connection: does it exist?"

See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollmann's_hypothetical_bolide

1994, Jan

A.W. Harris, 1994, Icarus, 107, 209, "Tumbling asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Icar..107..209H

1994, Jan 6

C.R. Chapman, D.D. Morrison, 1994, Nature, 367, 33, "Impacts on the Earth by asteroids and comets: assessing the hazard."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.367...33C

1994, Jan 18

Cando Fireball and Airburst (Spain).

See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts

1994, Feb

P. Spurný, 1994, Planetary and Space Science, 42, 157, "Recent fireballs photographed in central Europe."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994P%26SS...42..157S

1994, Feb

US Congress House Committee on Science and Technology passed an amendment to NASA Authorization Bill directing NASA to report within a year with a programme to identify and catalogue, with help from the Department of Defense and space agencies of other countries, within 10 year, orbital characteristics of all comets and asteroids with D > 1 km and in an orbit that crosses Earth’s.

See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/gov_cong_hearings_1.cfm

1994, Feb 1

Marshall Islands Fireball and Airbursts. A large meteoroid impacted over the Pacific Ocean at 2.6° N, 164.1° E, 300 km south of Kosrae (Micronesia). The impact was observed by space-based infrared sensors operated by the U.S. Department of Defense and by visible wavelength sensors operated by the U.S. Department of Energy. The object produced a 11 kT explosion. During entry the object broke into several pieces, one of which detonated at 34 km and another at 21 km altitude. M ≈ 1.6×10⁵ kg - 4.4×10⁶ kg; D ≈ 4.4 - 13.5 m.

Ref:

- E. Tagliaferri, R. Spalding, C. Jacobs, Z. Ceplecha, 1995, Earth, Moon, and Planets, 68, 563, "Analysis of the Marshall Island Fireball of February 1, 1994."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995EM%26P...68..563T

- T.B. McCord, J. Morris, D. Persong, et al., 1995, Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, E2, 3245, "Detection of a meteoroid entry into the Earth's atmosphere on February 1, 1994."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JGR...100.3245M

- E. Tagliaferri, 1998, Mercury, 27, no.6, p.18, "Observation of meteoroid impacts by space-based sensors."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Mercu..27f..18T

1994, Mar 15

Asteroid 1994 ES1 (H = 28.6 mag, D ≈ 8 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.44 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.44 LD. [1994-01]

See: 1994 ES1 - JPL , 1994 ES1 - SSA

1994, Apr 7

C. Sagan, S.J. Ostro, 1994, Nature, 368, 501, "Dangers of asteroid deflection."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.368..501S

1994, May 18

Asteroid 2017 KJ32 (H = 28.9 mag, D ≈ 7 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 7.10 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.27 LD.

See: 2017 KJ32 - JPL , 2017 KJ32 - SSA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_AA

See also: 3 Nov 1967, 21 Mar 1996, 2 Jan 2014.

1994, Jun

Z. Ceplecha, 1994, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 286, 967, "Impacts of meteoroids larger than 1 M into the Earth's atmosphere."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A%26A...286..967C

1994, Jun 14

St-Robert Daylight Fireball and Meteorite Fall over the Canada-US border, travelling at a velocity of ~13 km/s, widely seen from the provinces of Quebec and Ontario and the states of New Hampshire, Vermont and New York at distances up to ~500 km. The rock fragmented spectacularly ~50 km NE of Montreal at an altitude of ~36 km; hundreds of fragments have been found with pieces of up to 6.5 kg.

See:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St-Robert_meteorite

Ref:

- P. Brown, A.R. Hildebrand, D.W. Green, et al., 1996, Meteoritics, 31, 502, "The fall of the St-Robert meteorite."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996M%26PS...31..502B

- A.R. Hildebrand, P.G. Brown, J.F. Wacker, et al., 1997, Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 91, 261, "The St-Robert Bolide of June 14, 1994."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JRASC..91..261H

1994, Jun 30

H.J. Melosh, E.A. Whitaker, 1994, Nature, 369, 713, "Lunar crater chains."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.369..713M

1994, Summer

C. Sagan, S.J. Ostro, 1994, Issues in Science and Technology, Summer 1994, 67, "Long-range consequences of interplanetary collisions."

See: http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/handle/2014/33108

1994, Jul

W.F. Bottke, M.C. Nolan, R. Greenberg, 1994, Meteoritics, 29, 446, "Provenance of the spacewatch small Earth-approaching asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Metic..29S.446B

1994, Jul 16-22

Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 collides with Jupiter. Some 21 cometary fragments with diameters up to ~ 2 km caused massive explosions, temporarily visible on the surface of Jupiter.

Ref:

- H.A. Weaver, P.D. Feldman, M.F. A'Hearn, et al., 1994, Science, 263, 787, "Hubble Space Telescope observations of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1993e)."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Sci...263..787W

- K. Zahnle, M.-M. Mac Low, 1994, Icarus, 108,1, "The collision of Jupiter and comet Shoemaker-Levy 9."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Icar..108....1Z

- M.-M. Mac Low, K. Zahnle, 1994, Astrophysical Journal, 434, 33, "Explosion of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on entry into the Jovian atmosphere."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994ApJ...434L..33M

- G. Orton, M. A'Hearn, K. Baines, et al., 1995, Science, 267, 1277, "Collision of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter observed by the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...267.1277O

- H.A. Weaver, M.F. A'Hearn, C. Arpigny, et al., 1995, Science, 267, 1282, "The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observing campaign on comet Shoemaker- Levy 9."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...267.1282W

- D.H. Levy, E.M. Shoemaker, C.S. Shoemaker, 1995, Scientific American, 273, 68, "Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 meets Jupiter." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995SciAm.273...68L

- D.H. Levy, 1995, Impact Jupiter: the crash of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (New York: Plenum Press).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ijcc.book.....L

- J.K. Beatty, D.H. Levy, 1995, Sky & Telescope, 90, 18, "Crashes to ashes: a comet's demise."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995S%26T....90...18B

- K.S. Noll, H.A. Weaver & P.D. Feldman (eds.), 2006, The impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter, Proc. IAU Coll. No. 156, Baltimore (MD, USA) 9-12 May 1995, STScI Symposium Series No. 9 (Cambridge: CUP, ISBN-0521-03162-1).

See: http://www.iau.org/science/publications/iau/

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mark-boslough/unforgettable-shoemakerle_b_2946407.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker-Levy_9

1994, Aug

W. Tedeschi, E. Teller, 1994, Space Policy, 10, 183, "A plan for worldwide protection against asteroid impacts."

See: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0265964694900671

1994, Aug 8-12

Meeting on Small Bodies in the Solar System and their interactions with the planets, Mariehamn (Finland), 8 - 12 August 1994. Proc: H. Rickman, M.J. Valtonen (eds.), 1996, Earth, Moon, Planets, 72, No. 1 - 3, "Worlds in interaction: small bodies and planets of the solar system."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996EM%26P...72.....R

1994, Aug 20

IAU XXII General Assembly, Den Haag (the Netherlands). The IAU Working Group on Near Earth Objects, chaired by Andrea Carusi, had a science meeting, and presented a report recommending that an international authority should take responsibility for NEO investigations and initiatives.

Ref:

- I. Appenzeller (ed.), 1996, Transactions IAU XXIIB, (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ.), IAU Commission 20 Report, p. 164, "Working Group Meeting 2 on Near-Earth Object Detection."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996IAUTB..22.....A

- J. Tate, 2000, Space Policy, 16, 261, "Avoiding collisions: the Spaceguard Foundation."

See: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265964600000369

1994, Sep 22

P. Farinella, Ch. Froeschlé, C. Froeschlé, R. Gonczi, G. Hahn, A. Morbidelli, G.B. Valsecchi, 1994, Nature, 371, 314, "Asteroids falling into the Sun."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.371..315F

1994, Sep 26-30

1^st International Conference on Space Protection of the Earth (SPE-94), Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation.

See: http://www.boulder.swri.edu/clark/ncarhist.html

1994, Oct

D.L. Rabinowitz, 1994, Icarus, 111, 364, "The size and shape of the near-Earth asteroid belt."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Icar..111..364R

1994, Nov

K. Yau, P. Weissman, D. Yeomans, 1994, Meteoritics, 29, 864, "Meteorite falls in China and some related human casualty events."

In February-March of the year 1490 a barrage of stones of 1 – 1.5 kg fell like rain in the Chíng-yang district of Shansi Province (China), killing more than 10,000 people.

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Metic..29..864Y

1994, Nov 24

Asteroid 1994 WR12 (H = 22.3 mag, D ≈ 149 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.85 LD. Minimum miss distance 1.85 LD.

See: 1994 WR12 - JPL , 1994 WR12 - SSA

See also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_WR12

1994, Dec 17

S. Rozendaal, 1994, Elsevier, 17 december 1994, "De catastrophe. Waarom de dino's uitstierven en de mens ontstond."

1995

D. Steel, 1995, Rogue Asteroids and Doomsday Comets: the Search for the Million Megaton Menace that Threatens Life on Earth (New York: Wiley). With a foreword by Arthur C. Clarke.

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995radc.book.....S

Review: D. Morrison, 1997, Physics Today, 50, 65.

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PhT....50Q..65M

1995

The (1.0/1.2m) Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program (SCAP) of the Beijing Astronomical Observatory put in practice, a NEO search telescope in operation at the Xuyu Station of the Purple Mountain Observatory, 120 km north of Nanjing (China).

Ref:

- Y. Ma, H. Zhao, D. Yao, 2007, in: A. Milani, G.B. Valsecchi & D. Vokrouhlický (eds.), Proc. IAU Symposium No. 236 on Near Earth Objects, our Celestial Neighbors: Opportunity and Risk, Prague (Czech Republic), 14-18 August 2006 (Cambridge: CUP), p. 381, "NEO search telescope in China."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997IAUJD...6E..24Z

1995

SPACECAST 2020, "Preparing for planetary defense: detection and interception of asteroids on collision course with Earth."

See: http://csat.au.af.mil/2020/papers/app-r.pdf

1995

D.I. Steel, R.H. McNaught, C.J. Garradd, et al., 1995, in: J. Chapman, R. Cannon & B. Hidayat (eds.), Proc. IAU Colloquium No. 148 on The Future Utilisation of Schmidt Telescopes, Bandung (Indonesia), 7-11 March 1994, ASP Conf. Series, 84, 159, "Searching for Near-Earth Asteroids with the UK Schmidt telescope at the AAO."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ASPC...84..159S

1995, Jan

J.G. Hills, P.J.T. Leonard, 1995, Astronomical Journal, 109, 401, "Earth-crossing asteroids: the last days before earth impact."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995AJ....109..401H

1995, Jan

K. Muionen, E. Bowell, K. Lumme, 1995, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 293, 948, "Interrelating asteroid size, albedo, and magnitude distributions." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995A%26A...293..948M

1995, Jan

Hanover Fireball (Germany).

See: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap960226.html

1995, Mar

S. Mottola, G. de Angelis, M. di Martino, et al., 1995, in: Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 26, 1003, "The EUNEASO photometric follow-up program."

See http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995LPI....26.1003M

1995, Apr

R.P. Binzel, 1995, Planetary Report, 15, no. 2, p. 8, "Near-Earth objects: friends or foes?"

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995PlR....15b...8B

1995, Apr

D.I. Steel, 1995, Monthly Notices Royal Astronomical Society, 273, 1091, "Collisions in the Solar System. VI. Terrestrial impact probabilities for the known asteroid population."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995MNRAS.273.1091S

1995, Apr 24-26

United Nations International Conference on Near Earth Objects. Proceedings: J.L. Remo (ed.), 1997, Near-Earth Objects: the United Nations International Conference, Annals New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 822 (New York: NY Academy of Sciences). See:

http://neutrino.aquaphoenix.com/un-esa/neo.html http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119150668/issue

1995, Apr 25

L.N. Johnson, 1995, in: The Space Congress Proceedings, "Preparing for Planetary Defense: detection and interception of asteroids on collision course with Earth."

See:

https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings/proceedings-1995-32nd/

https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings/proceedings-1995-32nd/april-25-1995/18/

https://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1632&context=space-congress-proceedings

1995, May 22-26

Planetary Defense Workshop: An International Technical Meeting on Active Defense of the Terrestrial Biosphere from Impacts by Large Asteroids and Comets, Livermore (CA, USA). Proceedings: LLNL CONF-9505266. Report by Peter Tyson.

See: https://str.llnl.gov/str/News895.html

Among the papers:

- G.H. Canavan, 1995, pp. 273-298, "Cost and benefit of Near-Earth Objects defenses."

1995, Jun

D. Steel, 1995, The Observatory, 115, 136, "Tunguska and the Kagarlyk meteorite."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Obs...115..136S

1995, Jun

Report of the NASA Near Earth Objects Survey Working Group, E.M. Shoemaker (ed.), 1995 (Washington DC: NASA Office of Space Science, Solar System Exploration Office). Released with a programme to meet Congress’ requirements, delivered to Congress 9 Aug 1995. Recommends NASA, USAF and international collaboration to provide two dedicated 2-m discovery telescopes, use of two existing 1 m telescopes for survey and follow-up, enhanced funding to obtain roughly half time on a 3 – 4 m telescopes for physical observation, and Minor Planet Center enhancements.

See:

http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/downloads/neosurvey.pdf http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=94

1995, Jun 24

Asteroid 170086 (2002 XR14, H = 17.9 mag, D ≈ 1093 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.26 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.26 LD.

See: 2002 XR14 - JPL , 2002 XR14 - SSA

1995, Jul

V.V. Svetsov, E.V. Nemtchinov, A.V. Teterev, 1995, Icarus, 116, 131, " Disintegration of large meteoroids in Earth's atmosphere: theoretical models."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Icar..116..131S

1995, Aug

S.I. Ipatov, 1995, Solar System Research, 29, 261, "Migration of small bodies to Earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995SoSyR..29..261I

1995, Aug

D. Steel, 1995, Proceedings Astronomical Society of Australia, 12 (2), 202, "Asteroid discovery efficiencies for telescope systems at Siding Spring."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995PASA...12..202S

1995, Aug 5

Asteroid 2017 TU1 (H = 26.2 mag, D ≈ 25 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.11 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.69 LD.

See: 2017 TU1 - JPL , 2017 TU1 - SSA

1996

W.F. Bottke, M.C. Nolan, H.J. Melosh, 1996, in: T.W. Rettig & J.M. Hahn (eds.), Completing the inventory of the Solar System, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Proceedings, 107, 3, "Provenance of the Spacewatch Small Earth--Approaching Asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ASPC..107....3B

1996

V. Clube, B. Napier, 1996, Catastrophes and comets. The destroyers of cosmic faith, (Singapore: World Scientific).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ccdc.book.....C

1996

D.W. Cox, J.H. Chestek, 1996, Doomsday asteroid: can we survive? (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996QB377.C69......

1996

P. Farinella, 1996, Meteorite, 2, 8, "Chaotic routes between the asteroid belt and Earth."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Met.....2....8F

1996

S. Hawking, 1996, Life in the Universe.

See: http://hawking.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65

1996

G.L. Verschuur, 1996, Impact! The Threat of Comets and Asteroids (Oxford: OUP).

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996itca.book.....V

1996, Jan

T.H. Burbine, R.P. Binzel, S.J. Bus, J.M. Sunshine, 1996, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 31, A24, "Spectroscopy of Near-Earth Asteroids: new results."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996M%26PSA..31R..24B

1996, Jan

E.J. Grayzeck, M.F. A'Hearn, A.C. Raugh, et al., 1996, Planetary and Space Science, 44, 47 "Services of the Small Bodies Node of the Planetary Data System."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996P%26SS...44...47G

1996, Jan 11-14

Fifth United Nations/European Space Agency Workshop on Basic Space Science: From Small Telescopes to Space Missions, hosted by the Arthur C. Clarke Center for Modern Technology on behalf of the Government of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Report (A/AC.105/640, 14 May 1996) resolves that an international network of telescopes under UN aegis is needed for NEO searching and tracking.

See: http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/reports/ac105/AC105_640E.pdf

1996, Feb

S.V.M. Clube, 1996, Earth, Moon and Planets, 72, 433, "Evolution, punctuational crises and the threat to civilization." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996EM%26P...72..433C

1996, Feb

T. Gehrels, R. Jedicke, 1996, Earth, Moon, and Planets, 72, 233, "The population of near-Earth objects discovered by Spacewatch."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996EM%26P...72..233G

See also:

http://spacewatch.lpl.arizona.edu/

1996, Feb

R.A.F. Grieve, L.J. Pesonen, 1996, Earth, Moon and Planets, 72, 357, "Terrestrial impact craters: their spatial and temporal distribution and impacting bodies."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996EM%26P...72..357G

1996, Feb

R. Jedicke, 1996, Astronomical Journal, 111, 970, "Detection of Near Earth Asteroids based upon their rates of motion."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AJ....111..970J

1996, Feb

M. Menichella, P. Paolicchi, P. Farinella, 1996, Earth, Moon and Planets, 72, 133, "The Main Belt as a source of Near-Earth Asteroids."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996EM%26P...72..133M

1996, Feb

P. Michel, Ch. Froeschlé, P. Farinella, 1996, Earth, Moon, and Planets, 72, 151, "Dynamical evolution of NEAs: close encounters, secular perturbations and resonances."

See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996EM%26P...72..151M

1996, Feb

J. Remo, 1996, Space Policy, 12, 13, "Policy perspectives from the UN international conference on near-Earth objects."

See: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0265964695000348