NEAR EARTH ASTEROIDS (NEAs)
A CHRONOLOGY OF MILESTONES 1800 - 2200
Courtesy of Karel A. van der Hucht
version 79.0 – 01 May 2018
The NEO Chronology is regularly updated (no claim on completeness). For the meaning of the technical terms used, see here
Introduction
An asteroid is coined a Near Earth Asteroid (NEA) when its trajectory brings it within 1.3 AU from the Sun. A NEA is said to be a Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) when its orbit comes to within 0.05 AU (= 19.5 LD = 7.5 million km) of the Earth's orbit and has a measured absolute magnitude H < 22 mag (i.e., an estimated diameter D > 140 m).
As of 01 May 2018, 18088 NEAs are known, including 8138 NEAs with D > 140, and 888 NEAs with D > 1 km (estimated population: 921 ± 20). Of those large NEAs, 156 are PHAs.
The NEA chronology lists
(a) data of known NEAs with past nominal Earth close approach distances d ≤ 1.00 LD;
(b) data of known NEAs with future nominal Earth close approach distances d ≤ 10.00 LD
and minimum close approach distances d ≤ 1.00 LD;
(c) data of known PHA's with H ≤ 18 mag and nominal Earth close approach distances
d ≤ 5.00 LD;
(d) scientific literature, conferences and other milestones of NEA research.
The NEA Chronology is updated monthly and can be downloaded as pdf file.
Information on categories (a) and (b) is quoted from both the ESA NEO Coordination Centre Close Approach Tables and the NASA JPL CNEOS Close Approach Tables for the period 1900 – 2200 A.D., as of 01 May 2018.
By listing in chronological order this broad selection of milestones of NEA research, a global impression is offered of what has been done and has happened, and what is being done and will happen in those fields, as far as presently known.
As of 01 May 2018, the NEA Chronology lists 3736 entries of known past events registered since AD 1800, including 426 close approaches of NEAs ranging in size from 1 to 325 m with nominal Earth close approach distances d ≤ 1.00 LD (54 in 2017, to date 31 in 2018), 22 of which with d ≤ 0.10 LD. Moreover, four impacts have been recorded: in 1908, 2008, 2013, and 2014.
As of 01 May 2018, the NEA Chronology lists 332 entries of known future events predicted up to AD 2200, of which 174 predicted close approaches of NEAs with nominal Earth close approach distances d ≤ 10.00 LD and minimum close approach distances d ≤ 1.00 LD (i.e., about one per year), including 35 predicted close approaches of NEAs with nominal Earth close approach distances d ≤ 1.00 LD, three of which with d ≤ 0.10 LD.
Sources
https://www.nasa.gov/planetarydefense/overview
http://neo.ssa.esa.int/neo-home
http://neo.ssa.esa.int/close-approaches
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html
A.W. Harris, G. D’Abramo, 2015, Icarus, 257, 302, "The population of near-Earth asteroids."
See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Icar..257..302H
A.W. Harris, 2017, AAS DPS meeting #49, id.#100.01, "The population of Near-Earth Asteroids revisited."
See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DPS....4910001H
A.W. Harris, More Data!, 2017, Phys.Org News, 19 October 2017, "Number of undiscovered near-Earth asteroids revised downward."
See: https://phys.org/news/2017-10-undiscovered-near-earth-asteroids-downward.html
Colour coding
red bold italics spacecraft
green bold asteroid, meteorite, impact site
blue bold NEA related institute, observatory, organization, program
blue bold italics NEA related conference, workshop, seminar, meeting
purple bold Potentially Hazardous Asteroid
* * *
NEA CHRONOLOGY 1800 - 2200
| 1801, Jan 1 | First and largest asteroid discovered, 1 Ceres (H = 3.34 mag, D = 975 km, main-belt asteroid), by Giuseppe Piazzi (1746 – 1826, Italy) at the Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo. Asteroid Cerere Ferdinandea was named in honour of King Ferdinand IV of Sicily, and later became known simply as Ceres. Carl Gauss developed the math to determine an accurate orbit for Ceres and published his results in November 1801. Given the definition of planets and dwarfplanets accepted by the IAU XXVI General Assembly in 2006, Ceres is considered a dwarf planet rather than an asteroid. See: Ceres - JPL , 1 Ceres - SSA Ref: - G. Piazzi, 1802, Della scoperta del nuovo planeta Cerere Ferdinandea (Palermo: Nella Stamperia Reale). See: https://archive.org/details/DellaScopertaDelNuovoPianetaCerereFerdinandea See also: http://www.space.com/12969-giant-asteroid-ceres-telescopes-skywatching.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet) More recently: Since 6 March 2015, NASA spacecraft Dawn is in orbit around Ceres. See: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4503 http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4540
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| 1803, 26 Apr | L'Aigle Meteorite. In the early afternoon of 26 April 1803 a meteorite shower of more than 3000 fragments fell upon the town of L'Aigle (Normandy, France). See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Aigle_(meteorite)
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| 1807, Dec 14 | Weston Meteorite. At 6:30 hr on the morning of 14 December 1807, a blazing fireball about two-thirds the size of the Moon was seen traveling southwards by early risers in Vermont and Massachusetts (USA). Three loud explosions were heard over the town of Weston in Fairfield County, Connecticut. Stone fragments fell in at least 6 places. See: http://peabody.yale.edu/collections/meteorites-and-planetary-science/weston-meteorite http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_meteorite
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| 1840, Jun 12 | Uden Meteorite (Netherlands). A 0.6 kg meteorite was found. See: http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00015500.pdf http://www.sterrenkunde.nl/index/encyclopedie/meteoren.html
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| 1843, Jun 2 | Blauwkapel Meteorite (Netherlands). Two pieces were found, of 2.7 and 7 kg. See: http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00015500.pdf http://www.sterrenkunde.nl/index/encyclopedie/meteoren.html
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| 1859, Nov 15 | New York City Fireball and Airburst (USA). See: http://www.meteoritehistory.info/AJS/S2VIEWS/V30P186.HTM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts
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| 1860, Jul 20 | The Meteor Procession of 20 July 1860, visible from the Great Lakes to New York State (USA), continuing out over the Atlantic Ocean. Ref: - Walt Whitman, 1859-1860, in Leaves of Grass, "Year of Meteors."; - A.G. Pope, 5-1-2010, Astronomical dating of Edvard Munch's summer sky paintings, University Honors Program, Texas State University; - R. Sinnott, 2010, Sky & Telescope, 7 June 2010, "Walt Whitman's "Meteor-Procession"." See: http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/newsblog/95765719.html - D.W. Olson, R.L Doescher, M.S. Olson, A.G. Pope, 2010, Sky & Telescope, 120, No.1, July 2010, p. 28, "Walt Whitman's "Year of Meteors"." See: http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/newsblog/95765719.html http://philosophyofscienceportal.blogspot.com/2010/06/walt-whitman-wrote-about-strange-huge.html http://www.txstate.edu/news/news_releases/news_archive/2010/06/YearOfMeteors060110.html http://www.newscientist.com/gallery/whitman-mystery-solved/3 http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/culturelab/2010/06/the-forensic-astronomer-donald-olson.html http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2010/06/02/4448882-150-year-old-meteor-mystery-solved http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100722.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-grazing_fireball
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| 1864, May 14 | Orgueil Meteorite rain over Orgueil (Southern France). Some 20 stones fell over an area of several square kilometers, with a total weight of 14 kg. Ref: - M. Gounelle, P. Spurný, P.A. Bland, 2006, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 41, 135, "The orbit and atmospheric trajectory of the Orgueil meteorite from historical records." See: http://www.springerlink.com/content/m470723364612j6x/ See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgueil_(meteorite)
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| 1868, July 11 | Main-belt asteroid 100 Hekate (H = 7.66 mag, D = 123 km) discovered by James C. Watson (1838 – 1880) at Ann Arbor (MI, USA). 100th numbered asteroid in the data base of the IAU Minor Planet Center, Cincinnati Observatory (Ohio, USA). See: 100 Hekate - JPL , 100 Hekate - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Hekate
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| 1873, Oct 27 | Diepenveen Meteorite Fall, Diepenveen (the Netherlands). See: http://www.naturalis.nl/en/news/collectie-2/new-dutch-meteorite-fell-1873/
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| 1890, May 2 | Forest City Meteorite Fall, Forest City (Iowa, USA), 2 May 1890. Ref: - H.H. Nininger, 1942, Popular Astronomy, 50, 111, "A celestial bomb." See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_falls
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| 1891, Dec 22 | First photographic discovery of an asteroid, 323 Brucia (H = 9.53 mag, D = 35.8 km), by Maximilian F.J.C. Wolf (1863 – 1932) at the Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl (Heidelberg, Germany). See: Brucia - JPL , Brucia - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/323_Brucia
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| 1893 | G.K. Gilbert (1893) suggested impacts as most likely process for forming lunar craters. Ref: - G.K. Gilbert, 1893, Bulletin of the Philosophical Society of Washington, 12, 241, "The Moon’s face: a study of the origin of its features." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1893QB591.G46......
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| 1896, Feb 2 | Great Madrid Meteor Event. See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1896PASP....8...86C http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteor
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| 1898, Aug 13 | First discovery of a NEA: asteroid 433 Eros (1898 DQ, H = 10.3 mag, D = 34.4 × 11.2 × 11.2 km, orbital P = 1.76 yr, Amor asteroid), by Carl Gustav Witt (1866 – 1948) at the Urania Sternwarte Berlin (Germany), and independently by Auguste Charlois (1864 – 1910) at the Observatoire de Nice (France). Second-largest NEA known. Its perihelion distance of 1.133 AU brings it with 0.15 AU of the orbit of the Earth. See: 1898 DQ - JPL , 433 Eros - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/433_Eros Ref: - P. Michel, P. Farinella, Ch. Froeschlé, 1996, Nature, 380, 689, "The orbital evolution of the asteroid Eros and implications for collision with the Earth." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Natur.380..689M See also: http://www.oaa.gr.jp/~oaacs/mp/BriefHistoryofMPCbyConradBardwell.pdf See also: 23 Jan 1975, 31 Jan 2012.
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| 1899, Mar 12 | Helsinki Fireball and Airburst (Finland). See: http://www.somerikko.net/collection/meteorites.php?id=374 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts
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| 1900, Jan 1 | 1 NEA known. See: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/
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| 1900, Jan 29 | Asteroid 4660 Nereus (1982 DB, H = 18.3 mag, D ≈ 510 x 330 240 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal distance of 8.09 LD. Minimum distance 8.08 LD. See: 1982 DB - JPL , 4660 Nereus - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4660_Nereus Ref: - M. Brozovic, S.J. Ostro, L.A.M. Benner, et al., 2009, Icarus, 201, 153, "Radar observations and a physical model of asteroid 4660 Nereus, a prime space mission target." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Icar..201..153B - K. Kitazato, S. Abe, M. Ishiguro, et al., October 2012, American Astronomical Society, DPS meeting #44, #210.20, "Measuring the YORP effect of asteroid 4660 Nereus." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012DPS....4421020K See also: 22 Jan 2002, 11 Dec 2021, 14 Feb 2060, 4 Feb 2071, 23 Dec 2112, and 4 Feb 2166.
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| 1900, Jul 24 | Asteroid 2007 HE15 (H = 19.6 mag, D ≈ 506 m, PHA), passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.98 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.96 LD. See: 2007 HE15 - JPL , 2007 HE15 - SSA
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| 1901, Jun 7 | Asteroid 2014 HQ124 (H = 18.9 mag, D ≈ 370 m, PHA), passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 5.95 LD. Minimum miss distance 5.90 LD. See: 2014 HQ124 - JPL , 2014 HQ124 - SSA See also: https://www.google.nl/#q=asteroid+2014+hq124 See also: 7 Jun 1952, 8 Jun 2014, 8 Jun 2065.
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| 1901, Aug 14 | Asteroid 2011 DS (H = 26.9 mag, D ≈ 17 m), passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 7.94 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.75 LD. See: 2011 DS - JPL , 2011 DS - SSA
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| 1904, Oct 29 | Asteroid 260141 (2004 QT24 (H = 18.3 mag, D ≈ 931 m, PHA), passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.30 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.29 LD. See: 2004 QT24 - JPL , 2004 QT24 - SSA
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| 1905 | C. Flammarion, 1905, L'Astronomie, 19, 309, "Si quelque jour la vertu disparaissait de la Terre, il serait convenable de la retrouver au ciel." See: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96408857
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| 1905, Jun 27 | Asteroid 25143 Itokawa (1998 SF36, H = 19.5 mag, D = 520 × 270 × 230 m, M = 3.6 × 1010 kg, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.50 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.50 LD. See: 1998 SF36 - JPL , 25143 Itokawa - SSA See also: 26 Jun 2004, 9 Apr 2167. See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25143_Itokawa
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| 1907, Apr 13 | Asteroid 99942 Apophis (2004 MN4, H = 19.7 mag, D = 310 ± 30 m, orbital P = 0.89 yr, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 11.15 LD. Minimum miss distance 11.02 LD. See: 2004 MN4 - JPL , 99942 Apophis - SSA See also: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Herschel_intercepts_asteroid_Apophis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99942_Apophis See also: 14 Apr 1949, 14 Apr 1998, 13 Apr 2029, 23 Mar 2036.
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| 1907, Dec 26 | Asteroid 2010 XC15 (H = 21.4 mag, D ≈ 222 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.61 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.74 LD. See: 2010 XC15 - JPL , 2010 XC15 - SSA See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_XC15 See also: 27 Dec 2022.
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| 1908, Jun 30 | Tunguska event, Siberia (Russia). According to Boslough & Crawford (2008), possibly an asteroid with D ≈ 30 – 50 m, exploding in an airburst with E ≈ 4 megaton TNT at an altitude of ~8.5 km, flattening ~2000 km2 of forest. Ref: - L.A. Kulik, 1938, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, 3, 78, "The meteorite of June 30, 1908, in Central Siberia." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1938ASPL....3...78K - A. Ben-Menahem, September 1975, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 11, 1, "Source parameters of the Siberian explosion of June 30, 1908, from analysis and synthesis of seismic signals at four stations." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975PEPI...11....1B - L'. Kresak, 1978, Bulletin Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia, 29, 129, "The Tunguska object – a fragment of Comet Encke?" See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978BAICz..29..129K - R.P. Turco, O.B. Toon, C. Park, et al., 1981, Science, 214, 19, "Tunguska meteor fall of 1908 – effects on stratospheric ozone." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Sci...214...19T - Z. Sekanina, 1983, Astronomical Journal, 88, 1382, "The Tunguska event – no cometary signature in evidence." Erratum, 1984, Astronomical Journal, 89, 185. See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983AJ.....88.1382S http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984AJ.....89..185S - C.F. Chyba, 1993, Astronomy, 21, no.12, p.38, "Death from the sky." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Ast....21R..38C - C.F. Chyba, P.J. Thomas, K.J. Zahnle, 7 January 1993, Nature, 361, 40, "The 1908 Tunguska explosion: atmospheric disruption of a stony asteroid." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.361...40C - R.A. Gallant, 1994, Sky & Telescope, 87, no. 6, p. 38, "Journey to Tunguska." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994S%26T....87...38G - P. Farinella, L. Foschini, Ch. Froeschlé, 2001, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 377, 1081, "Probable asteroidal origin of the Tunguska cosmic body." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001A%26A...377.1081F - K. Zahnle, 1996, Nature, 383, 674, "Tunguska: leaving no stone unburned." See: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v383/n6602/pdf/383674a0.pdf - N.V. Vasilyev, Feb-Mar 1998, Planetary and Space Science, 46, 129, "The Tunguska Meteorite problem today." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998P%26SS...46..129V - G. Longo, 2007, in: P. Bobrowsky & H. Rickman (eds.), 2007, Comet/Asteroid Impacts and Human Society (Berlin: Springer), p. 304, "The Tunguska event." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007caih.book.....B - D.I. Steel, 2008, Nature, 453, 1157, "Tunguska at 100." See: http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080625/full/4531157a.html M.B.E. Boslough, D.A. Crawford, 2008, Intern. J. of Impact Engineering, 35, 1441, "Low-altitude airbursts and the impact threat." See: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0734743X08001784 http://www.sandia.gov/ldrd/images/Posters/Boslough_Poster.pdf - B. Napier, D. Asher, 2009, Astronomy & Geophysics, 50, 1.18, "The Tunguska impact event and beyond." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009A%26G....50a..18N - V. Rubtsov, 10 March 2013, e-print arXiv:1302.6273, "Reconstruction of the Tunguska Event of 1908: neither an asteroid, nor a comet core." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013arXiv1302.6273R See also: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=179 http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1818757,00.html http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap111002.html https://sputniknews.com/analysis/20080626112250936/ https://sputniknews.com/science/201701181049718416-tunguska-event-lake-cheko/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunguska_event
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| 1908, Dec 16 | Asteroid 33342 (1998 WT24, H = 17.8 mag, D ≈ 415 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.54 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.54 LD. See: 1998 WT24 - JPL , 1998 WT24 - SSA See also: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/images/1998wt24.html http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2001/ast14dec_1/ http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4800 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(33342)_1998_WT24 See also: 16 Dec 1956, 16 Dec 2001, 11 Dec 2015, 18 Dec 2099.
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| 1909, Aug 28 | Asteroid 2016 QA2, H = 25.9 mag, D ≈ 27 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 5.83 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.27 LD. See: 2016 QA2- JPL , 2016 QA2 - SSA
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| 1910, Jan 1 | 1 NEA known. See: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/
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| 1910 | Minor planet astronomy became organized in a formal way at the Rechen-Institut in Berlin-Dahlem (Germany), director Fritz Cohn (1878 – 1940). Ref: - G. Stracke, 1935, Astronomische Nachrichten, 255, 189, "25 Jahre genäherte Bearbeitung der Bahnen der Kleinen Planeten im Astronomischen Rechen-Institut." Predecessor of the MPC. See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935AN....255..189S See also: 1947.
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| 1910, May 9 | Asteroid 2007 JB21 (H = 25.4 mag, D ≈ 35 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.75 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.17 LD. [1910-01] See: 2007 JB21 - JPL1 , 2007 JB21 - SSA See also: 8 May 2054.
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| 1911, May 5 | Asteroid 2014 HO132 (H = 25.8 mag, D ≈ 30 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.56 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.56 LD. [1911-01] See: 2014 HO132 - JPL , 2014 HO132 - SSA
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| 1911, Jun 28 | The Nakhla Meteorite fell to Earth on 28 June 1911 in the Nakhla region of Abu Hommos (Alexandria, Egypt). Many people witnessed its explosion in the upper atmosphere before the meteorite fell to Earth in an area of 4.5 km in diameter. About forty pieces were recovered. Recovered fragments ranged in weight from 20 to 1813 g. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhla_meteorite
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| 1911, Sep 8 | Asteroid 719 Albert (1911 MT = 2000 JW8, H = 15.4 mag, D ≈ 2400 m) passed Earth at 80 LD. Discovered by Johann Palisa (1848 – 1925), discoverer of 122 asteroids at the Vienna Observatory (Austria). Lost (the last missing), but rediscovered 1 May 2000 by Jeffrey A. Larsen with the Spacewatch Telescope in Arizona (USA). See: 1911 MT - JPL , 719 Albert - SSA See also: http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/asteroid_found_000510.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/719_Albert http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Palisa
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| 1913, Feb 9 | Earth-grazing fireball. A meteor procession observed from Canada to Bermuda and beyond. Ref: - J.A. O'Keefe, 1959, Journal Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 53, 59, "A probable natural satellite: the meteor procession of February 9, 1913." As of 2008, four Earth-grazing fireballs have been scientifically observed: on 10 August 1972, 13 October 1990, 29 March 2006, and 7 August 2007. See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959JRASC..53...59O http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-grazing_fireball
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| 1914, Mar 10 | Asteroid 2016 CY135 (H = 24.5 mag, D ≈ 54 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.28 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.82 LD. See: 2016 CY135 - JPL , 2016 CY135- SSA See also: 11 Mar 2068.
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| 1914, Oct 29 | Asteroid 69230 Hermes (1937 UB, H = 17.6 mag, D ≈ 1287 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal distance of 9.69 LD. Minimum distance 9.66 LD. Discovered by Karl W. Reinmuth (1892 – 1979) at the Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl (Heidelberg, Germany); lost; recovered 15 October 2003. Arecibo radar observations on the same day revealed it to be a binary asteroid, with components of D ≈ 400 m, separated by 1200 m. See: 1937 UB - JPL , 69230 Hermes - SSA See also: http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/31oct_hermes.htm http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/Oct03/Arecibo.asteroid.deb.html http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003IAUC.8227....2M http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69230_Hermes See also: 30 Oct 1937, 26 Apr 1942, 1 Nov 1954, 31 Oct 2086, 30 Apr 2123.
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| 1914, Dec 18 | Asteroid 2017 YE (H = 28.5 mag, D ≈ 8 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 5.57 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.34 LD. See: 2017 YE - JPL , 2017 YE - SSA
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| 1914, Dec 31 | Asteroid 152680 (1998 KJ9, H = 19.4 mag, D ≈ 554 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.61 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.60 LD. [1914-01] See: 1998 KJ9 - JPL , 152680 1998 KJ9 - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(152680)_1998_KJ9
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| 1915, Sep 10 | Asteroid 2010 RF12 (H = 28.4 mag, D ≈ 9 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.22
LD. Minimum miss distance 1.10 LD. See: 2010 RF12 - JPL , 2010 RF12 - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_RF12 See also: 8 Sept 2010, 6 Sep 2095.
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| 1918, Feb 17 | Asteroid 367943 Duende (2012 DA14, H = 24.1 mag, D ≈ 40 × 20 m), discovered in 2012 by the Spanish Observatorio Astronomico de la Sagra, passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.13 LD. Minimum miss distance 1.13 LD. See: 2012 DA14 - JPL , 367943 Duende - SSA See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/367943_Duende See also: 19 Aug 2004, 16 Feb 2012, 15 Feb 2013, 15 Feb 2046, 15 Feb 2087.
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| 1918, Sep 17 | Asteroid 458732 (2011 MD5, H = 17.9 mag, D ≈ 1074 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.91 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.91 LD. [1918-01] See: 2011 MD5 - JPL , 2011 MD5 - SSA
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| 1919, Nov 26 | Michigan - Indiana Fireball and Airburst (USA). See: http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026749/1919-11-27/ed-1/seq-1/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts
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| 1919, Dec 21 | Asteroid 2015 JQ1 (H = 20.3 mag, D ≈ 371 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.94 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.28 LD. See: 2015 JQ1 - JPL , 2015 JQ1 - SSA
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| 1920, Jan 1 | 3 NEAs known, of which 0 PHAs. See: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/
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| 1920, Jun 20 | Asteroid 2017 MF (H = 26.5 mag, D ≈ 21 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.17 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.32 LD. See: 2017 MF - SSA , 2017 MF - JPL See also: 19 Jun 2017.
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| 1921 | Alfred Wegener (1880 – 1930, Germany), 1921, Die Entstehung der Mondkrater (Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn). Translation: A. Wegener, 1975, The Moon, 4, 211, "The origin of lunar craters." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975Moon...14..211W
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| 1922, Jun 6 | Asteroid 2017 LD (H = 27.5 mag, D ≈ 13 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.33 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.04 LD (= 2.70 REarth from the geocenter). [1922-01] See: 2017 LD - SSA , 2017 LD - JPL
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| 1923 | Discovery of asteroid 1000 Piazzia (1923 NZ, (H = 10.6 mag, D = 31.8 km, main-belt asteroid), by Karl W. Reinmuth (1892 – 1979) at the Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl in Heidelberg (Germany). Upon his proposal, the IAU named the asteroid 1000 Piazzia, being the 1000th documented asteroid, in honour of Giuseppe Piazzi who discovered asteroid Ceres in 1801. See: 1923 NZ - JPL , 1000 Piazzia - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000_Piazzia Ref: - B. Asplind, 1926, Astronomische Nachrichten, 228, 89, "Benennung der Planeten 1000 – 1002." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1926AN....228...89A
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| 1923, Nov 24 | Asteroid 2017 WE28 (H = 268 mag, D ≈ 19 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 5.40 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.53 LD. See: 2017 WE28 - SSA , 2017 WE28 - JPL
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| 1924, Sep 27 | Asteroid 2003 SR84 (H = 25.4 mag, D ≈ 34 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.68 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.10 LD. See: 2003 SR84 - JPL , 2003 SR84 - SSA
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| 1924, Oct 23 | Discovery of near-Earth asteroid 1036 Ganymed (1924 TD, H = 9.45, D = 36.5 km, orbital P = 4.34 yr), by W.H. Walter Baade at Hamburg-Bergedorf Observatory (Germany). Largest known NEA. In 1998, Arecibo radar images revealed a near spherical object. See: 1924 TD - JPL , 1036 Ganymed - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1036_Ganymed Ref: - G. Hahn, P. Magnusson, A.W. Harris, et al., 1989, Icarus, 78, 363, "Physical studies of Apollo-Amor asteroids - UBVRI photometry of 1036 Ganymed and 1627 Ivar." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Icar...78..363H - P. Michel, R. Gonczi, P. Farinella, Ch. Froeschlé, 1999, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 347, 711, "Dynamical evolution of 1036 Ganymed, the largest near-Earth asteroid." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999A%26A...347..711M - S.K. Fieber-Beyer, M.J. Gaffey, P.A. Abell, 2011, Icarus, 212, 149, "Mineralogical characterization of Near Earth Asteroid (1036) Ganymed. See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Icar..212..149F
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| 1925, Mar 29 | Asteroid 2012 FT35 (H = 29.3 mag, D ≈ 6 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.10 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.09 LD. [1925-01] See: 2012 FT35 - JPL , 2012 FT35 - SSA See also: 25 Mar 1975.
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| 1925, Aug 28 | Ellemeet Meteorite. Whit aloud noise, so that horses and cows took fright, this meteorite fell down in a meadow near Ellemeet, on the island of Schouwen (the Netherlands) on 28 August 1925, about 11:30 hr a.m. See: http://www.sterrenkunde.nl/index/encyclopedie/meteoren.html Ref: - A.A. Nijland, 1927, Hemel en Dampkring, 1927, 187, "Een merkwaardige meteoorsteen." - W. Nieuwenkamp, 1927, Proc. Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie van Wetenschappen, 1927, 724, "The Meteorite of Ellemeet (after that of Uden in 1840, and that of Blauwkapel in 1843, the third known in the Netherlands)." See: http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00015500.pdf
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| 1925, Aug 30 | Asteroid 163132 (2002 CU11, H = 18.4 mag, D ≈ 880 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.90 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.90 LD. [1925-02] See: 2002 CU11 - JPL , 163132 2002 CU11 - SSA See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(163132)_2002_CU11 See also 31 Aug 2080.
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| 1927, Mar 14 | Asteroid 275677 (2000 RS11, H = 19.0 mag, D ≈ 653 m, PHA) passed Earth at 3.15 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.15 LD. See: 2000 RS11 - JPL , 2000 RS11 - SSA See also: 14 Mar 1940.
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| 1927, Dec 27 | Asteroid 2016 XA2 (H = 21.6 mag, D ≈ 201 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.36 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.83 LD. See: 2016 XA2 - JPL , 2016 XA2 - SSA
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| 1929, Nov 1 | Asteroid 2016 VP1 (H = 27.3 mag, D ≈ 15 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 7.07 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.62 LD. See: 2016 VP1 - JPL , 2016 VP1 - SSA
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| 1930, Jan 1 | 5 NEAs known, of which 0 PHAs. See: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/
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| 1930, May 13 | Asteroid 2011 AX22 (H = 24.7 mag, D ≈ 48 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.95 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.18 LD. See: 2011 AX22 - JPL , 2011 AX22 - SSA See also: 13 May 2055.
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| 1930, Aug 13 | Curuçá Fireball and Airburst over Rio Curuçá (Amazonas, Brazil). Coinciding with the annual Perseid meteor shower. See: http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1102.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts Ref: - N. Vasilyev, G. Andreev, 1989, WGN, the Journal of the International Meteor Organization, 17, 245, "The Brazilian twin of the Tunguska Meteorite: myth or reality?" See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989JIMO...17..245V - M.E. Bailey, D.J. Markham, S. Massai, J.E. Scriven, 1995, The Observatory, 115, 250, "The 1930 August 'Brazilian Tunguska' Event." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Obs...115..250B - D. Steel, 1995, WGN, the Journal of the International Meteor Organization, 23, 207, "Two 'Tunguskas' in South America in the 1930's?" See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JIMO...23..207S - W. Napier, D. Asher, 2009, Astronomy & Geophysics, 50, 1.18, "The Tunguska impact event and beyond." See: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-4004.2009.50118.x/abstract - G. Cordero, A. Poveda, 2011, Planetary and Space Science, 59(1), 10, "Curuça 1930: A probable mini-Tunguska?" See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011P%26SS...59...10C
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| 1930, Oct 3 | Asteroid 2011 AX22 (H = 24.7 mag, D ≈ 48 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.41 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.80 LD. See: 2011 AX22 - JPL , 2011 AX22 - SSA
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| 1931, May 8 | Asteroid 2008 JP24 (H = 26.7 mag, D ≈ 19 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.02 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.30 LD. See: 2008 JP24 - JPL , 2008 JP24 - SSA
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| 1931, Sep 7 | Asteroid 2010 RX30 (H = 27.2 mag, D ≈ 15 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.65 LD. Minimum miss distance 9.59 LD. See: 2010 RX30 - JPL , 2010 RX30 -SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_RX30 See also: 8 Sep 2010.
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| 1932, Feb 3 | Asteroid 2014 BW32 (H = 26.6 mag, D ≈ 20 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 6.47 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.86 LD. See: 2014 BW32 - JPL , 2014 BW32 - SSA
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| 1932, Apr 24 | First discovery of an Earth-orbit crossing NEA: asteroid 1862 Apollo (1932 HA, H = 16.4 mag, D ≈ 1400 m, PHA), by Karl W. Reinmuth (1892 – 1979) at the Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl (Heidelberg, Germany); lost; recovered in 1973. See: 1932 HA - JPL , 1862 Apollo - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1862_Apollo Ref: - M. Davidson, 1932, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc., 92, 691, "The Reinmuth object." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932MNRAS..92..691D - L.A. Lebofsky, G.J. Veeder, G.H. Rieke, et al., 1981, Icarus, 48, 335, "The albedo and diameter of 1862 Apollo." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Icar...48..335L
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| 1932, Oct 21 | Asteroid 2012 CU (H = 26.0 mag, D ≈ 27 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.09 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.73 LD. See: 2012 CU - JPL , 2012 CU - SSA
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| 1932, Dec | In December 1932, scientists surveying the southern Egyptian desert came upon pieces of a translucent, pale yellow-green, glassy substance, from tiny fragments to football-sized chunks, scattered over a huge area at the Libyan border. Known as Libyan desert glass, this almost pure silica contained isotopes showing it to be of extraterrestrial origin. Further reading: see 3 March 2006. See: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/311/5765/1223c See also: http://www.wits.ac.za/newsroom/newsitems/201310/21649/news_item_21649.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_desert_glass
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| 1932, Dec 8 | Arroyomolinos de León Fireball and Airburst (Spain). See: http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/1368.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts
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| 1932, Dec 29 | Asteroid 2012 XE133 (H = 23.4 mag, D ≈ 88 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 5.51 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.9985 LD. See: 2012 XE133 - JPL , 2012 XE133 - SSA
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| 1933, Jan 17 | Asteroid 7482 (1994 PC1, H = 16.5 mag, D ≈ 1300 m, PHA) passed Earth at 2.93 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.93 LD. See: 1994 PC1 -JPL , 7482 1994 PC1 - SSA See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(7482)_1994_PC1 See also: 18 Jan 2022.
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| 1933, Oct 22 | Asteroid 2015 UM52 (H = 27.8 mag, D ≈ 12 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.64 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.47 LD. [1933-01] See: 2015 UM52 - JPL , 2015 UM52 - SSA See also: 22 Oct 2015.
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| 1934, Feb 10 | Discovery of asteroid 1934 CT and promptly lost. Re-discovered on 4 January 1989 and listed as 1989 AC = 4179 Toutatis (H = 15.3 mag, D ≈ 4750 x 1950 m) See: 1934 CT - JPL , 4179 Toutatis - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4179_Toutatis See: 4 Jan 1989.
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| 1934, May 3 | Asteroid 2011 JV10 (H = 29.7 mag, D ≈ 5 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.53 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.31 LD. See: 2011 JV10 - JPL , 2011 JV10 - SSA
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| 1934, Sep 22 | Asteroid 2013 RG74 (H = 23.4 mag, D ≈ 90 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 7.58 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.84 LD. See: 2013 RG74 - JPL , 2013 RG74 - SSA
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| 1935, Feb 8 | Asteroid 2018 CN2 (H = 27.7 mag, D ≈ 12 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 6.94 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.77 LD. See: 2018 CN2 - SSA , 2018 CN2 - JPL , http://iawn.net/2018/02/10/asteroid-2018-cn2-close-approach/ See also: 9 Feb 2018
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| 1935, Mar 8 | Asteroid 2015 DD54 (H = 25.4 mag, D ≈ 34 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.48 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.48 LD. [1935-01] See: 2015 DD54 - JPL , 2015 DD54 - SSA
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| 1935, Apr | G. Stracke, 1935, Astronomische Nachrichten, 255, 189, "25 Jahre genäherte Bearbeitung der Bahnen der Kleinen Planeten im Astronomischen Rechen-Institut." Predecessor of the Minor Planet Center. At the time 1301 minor planets were numbered. See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935AN....255..189S
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| 1935, Oct 6 | Asteroid 2017 FQ127 (H = 26.3 mag, D ≈ 23 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.998 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.982 LD. [1935-02] See: 2017 FQ127 - JPL , 2017 FQ127 - SSA
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| 1935, Dec 11 | Rupununi Fireball and Airburst over Rupununi (British Guyana), near the date of the peak of the annual Geminid meteor shower. Ref: - D. Steel, 1995, WGN, the Journal of the International Meteor Organization, 23, 207, "Two 'Tunguskas' in South America in the 1930's?" See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JIMO...23..207S - W. Napier, D. Asher, 2009, Astronomy & Geophysics, 50, 1.18, "The Tunguska impact event and beyond." See: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-4004.2009.50118.x/abstract
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| 1936 | F. Watson, 1936, Popular Astronomy, 44, 2, "Meteor craters." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1936PA.....44....2W
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| 1936 | F. Watson, E.M. Cook, 1936, Popular Astronomy, 44, 131, "The detonating Fireball of May 26, 1935." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1936PA.....44..131W
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| 1936, Jan 6 | Asteroid 2010 VB1 (H = 23.2 mag, D ≈ 95 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.55 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.55 LD. [1936-01] See: 2010 VB1 - JPL , 2010 VB1 - SSA See also: 7 Jan 2086.
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| 1936, Feb 12 | Second discovery of an Earth-orbit crossing NEA: asteroid 2101 Adonis (1936 CA, H = 18.4 mag, D ≈ 880 m, PHA), by Eugene Delporte (1872 – 1955, Belgium). Nominal miss distance of 5.77 LD. Minimum miss distance 5.77 LD. Subsequently lost; recovered in 1977. See: 1936 CA - JPL , 2101 Adonis - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2101_Adonis
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| 1936, Apr 16 | Asteroid 2015 GA1 (H = 26.6 mag, D ≈ 20 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.25 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.44 LD. See: 2015 GA1 - JPL , 2015 GA1 - SSA
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| 1937 | F.G. Watson, H. Shapley, 1937, Annals of the Astronomical Observatory of Harvard College, 105, no. 32, The Observatory, p. 623. See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1937AnHar.105..623W
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| 1937, May 11 | Asteroid 2006 JY26 (H = 28.4 mag, D ≈ 9 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 30.5 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.2 LD. See: 2006 JY26 - JPL , 2006 JY26 - SSA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_JY26 Ref: - R. Brasser, P. Wiegert, 2008, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 386, 2931, "Asteroids on Earth-like orbits and their origin." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.386.2031B See also: http://fromthegonzo.wordpress.com/2006/05/12/asteroid-impact-effects/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_JY26 See also: 10 May 2006, 3 May 2074.
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| 1937, Oct 30 | Asteroid 69230 Hermes (1937 UB, H = 17.6 mag, D ≈ 1287 m, PHA) passed Earth at 1.93 LD. Minimum miss distance 1.93 LD. Discovered by Karl W. Reinmuth (1892 – 1979) at the Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl (Heidelberg, Germany); lost; recovered 15 October 2003. Arecibo radar observations on the same day revealed it to be a binary asteroid, with components of D ≈ 400 m, separated by 1200 m. See: 1937 UB - JPL , 69230 Hermes - SSA See also: http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/31oct_hermes.htm http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/Oct03/Arecibo.asteroid.deb.html http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003IAUC.8227....2M http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69230_Hermes See also: 29 Oct 1914, 26 Apr 1942, 1 Nov 1954, 31 Oct 2086, 30 Apr 2123.
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| 1938, Jan 09 | Asteroid 332446 (2008 AF4, H = 19.7 mag, D ≈ 493 m, PHA) passed Earth at 2.19 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.18 LD. See: 2008 AF4 - JPL , 2008 AF4 - SSA See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(332446)_2008_AF4
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| 1938, Mar 11 | Asteroid 2013 FA8 (H = 21.0 mag, D ≈ 270 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.05 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.90 LD. See: 2013 FA8 - JPL , 2013 FA8 - SSA
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| 1938, Mar 13 | Asteroid 2012 DW60 (H = 26.5 mag, D ≈ 21 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.75 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.89 LD. See: 2012 DW60 - JPL , 2012 DW60 - SSA
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| 1938, Jun 1 | Asteroid 2017 KW31 (H = 26.5 mag, D ≈ 21 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 8.54 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.52 LD. See: 2017 KW31 - JPL , 2017 KW31 - SSA
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| 1938, Jun 24 | Chicora meteoroid. A meteoroid exploded as it entered the atmosphere above Chicora (PA, USA) on June 24, 1938. Based on the size of the explosion, the rock's initial mass (before it broke up) may have been more than 450 tons. However, only scant pieces of the meteorite were ever found – located miles away from where the main mass, missing to this day, is thought to have landed. Several reports on the Chicora meteorite mention that an unsuspecting cow was struck and injured by one falling shard; other accounts say that the poor animal was killed. See: http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/1535-when-space-attacks-6-craziest-meteor-impacts-history.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicora,_Pennsylvania#Chicora_Meteor http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts
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| 1938, Nov 2 | Asteroid 2016 VA (H = 27.2 mag, D ≈ 15 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.73 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.42 LD. [1938-01] See: 2016 VA - SSA , 2016 VA - JPL , See also: 2 Nov 2016, 1 Nov 2024.
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| 1939, May 30 | Asteroid 2012 KP24 (H = 26.4 mag, D ≈ 22 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.29 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.63 LD. See: 2012 KP24 - JPL , 2012 KP24 - SSA See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_KP24 See also: 28 May 2012.
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| 1940, Jan 1 | 9 NEAs known, of which 3 PHAs. See: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/
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| 1940 | F. Watson, 1940, Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 34, 418, "The meteor of May 7, 1928." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1940JRASC..34..418W
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| 1940, Mar 13 | Asteroid 275677 (2000 RS11, H = 19.0 mag, D ≈ 653 m, PHA) passed Earth at 4.11 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.11 LD. See: 2000 RS11 - JPL , 2000 RS11 - SSA See also: 14 Mar 1927.
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| 1941 | F.G. Watson, 1941, Between the planets (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
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| 1941, Jan 10 | Asteroid 2014 AW32 (H = 27.5 mag, D ≈ 13 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.37 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.27 LD. [1941-01] See: 2014 AW32 - JPL , 2014 AW32 - SSA See also: 10 Jan 2014.
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| 1941, Jan 27 | Asteroid 2018 BM5 (H = 27.4 mag, D ≈ 14 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.07 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.22 LD. See: 2018 BM5 - JPL , 2018 BM5 - SSA See also: 28 Jan 1943.
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| 1941, Apr 9 | Chelyabinsk Airburst and Fireball (Russia). See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts
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| 1941, Oct 9 | Asteroid 2011 UK10 (H = 24.9 mag, D ≈ 44 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.16 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.30 LD. See: 2011 UK10 - JPL , 2011 UK10 - SSA
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| 1942, Feb | H.H. Nininger, 1942, Popular Astronomy, 50, 111, "A celestial bomb." On the Forest City (Iowa, USA) fall of 2 May 1890. See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1942PA.....50..111N
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| 1942, Apr 26 | Asteroid 69230 Hermes (1937 UB, H = 17.6 mag, D ≈ 1287 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.65 LD. Minimum miss distance 1.65 LD. See: 1937 UB JPL , 69230 Hermes - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69230_Hermes See also: 29 Oct 1914, 30 Oct 1937, 1 Nov 1954, 31 Oct 2086, 30 Apr 2123.
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| 1943 | Antoine de Saint Exupéry, 1943, Le Petit Prince (Paris: Editions Gallimard). Featuring fictional asteroid B612. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Prince See also: http://www.universetoday.com/96509/chasing-the-little-prince-in-new-york-city/
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| 1943, Jan 28 | Asteroid 2018 BM5 (H = 27.4 mag, D ≈ 14 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 6.08 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.27 LD. See: 2018 BM5 - JPL , 2018 BM5 - SSA See also: 27 Jan 1941.
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| 1943, Mar 27 | Asteroid 2018 EM4 (H = 25.3 mag, D ≈ 37 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.57 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.08 LD. See: 2018 EM4 - JPL , 2018 EM4 - SSA See also: 26 Mar 2063.
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| 1943, May 13 | Asteroid 2015 KG158 (H = 28.3 mag, D ≈ 9 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 6.19 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.72 LD. See: 2015 KG158 - JPL , 2015 KG158 - SSA See also: 15 May 2060.
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| 1944, Jul 8 | Asteroid 2011 OB (H = 19.3 mag, D ≈ 568 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.45 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.44 LD. See: 2011 OB - JPL , 2011 OB - SSA
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| 1944, Nov 14 | Asteroid 2007 VF189 (H = 28.3 mag, D ≈ 9 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 6.28 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.92 LD. See: 2007 VF189 - JPL , 2007 VF189 - SSA See also: 14 Nov 2007.
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| 1944, Dec | Daytime Fireball over Bulannyo (Rhodesia). Norman Appleton witnessed a meteor so bright he remembered it his entire life. Right before his eyes a tremendous smoking fireball streaked across the daytime sky. Years later, as an accomplished member of the Guild of Aviation Artists, he recorded his memories in a painting. See: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap010728.html http://www.gava.org.uk/index.cfm?page=searchresults&searchType=quickSearch
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| 1945, Sep 4 | Asteroid 2014 RC (H = 26.8 mag, D ≈ 19 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 6.67 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.42 LD. See: 2014 RC - JPL , 2014 RC - SSA
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| 1946, Apr 29 | Asteroid 2008 UC202 (H = 28.2 mag, D ≈ 9 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.51 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.85 LD. See: 2008 UC202 - JPL , 2008 UC202 - SSA
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| 1946, Aug 7 | Asteroid 137108 (1999 AN10, H = 17.9 mag, D ≈ 1116 m, PHA) passed Earth at 2.43 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.43 LD. See: 1999 AN10 - JPL , 137108 1999 AN10 - SSA See also: 7 Aug 2027.
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| 1947 | IAU Minor Planet Center (MPC), established by the International Astronomical Union, Commission 20, and succeeding the work which was carried out since 1910 by the Rechen-Institut in Berlin-Dahlem (Germany), started operations at the Observatory of the University of Cincinnati (Ohio, USA), director Paul Herget (1908 – 1981, USA). At the time, 1564 minor planets were numbered. Upon Herget's retirement in 1978, the amount of numbered minor planets had reached 2060, and the MPC moved to the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge (MA, USA) with Brian G. Marsden (1937 – 2010) as director. For a history of the MPC, see: - C.M. Bardwell, 1989, "A brief history of the Minor Planet Center." - B.G. Marsden, 2009, IAU Information Bulletin, No. 104, p. 67, "History of the Minor Planet Center." See: http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iau/mpc.html http://www.iau.org/static/publications/IB104.pdf , p. 67.
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| 1947, Feb 12 | Sikhote-Alin Fireball and Airburst passed over Sikhote-Alin mountains (Primorye, Russia), creating a 32 km long smoke trail in the sky at an altitude of 5.6 km. The bright flash and the deafening sound of the fall were observed at 300 km around the point of impact, not far from Luchegorsk and ~ 440 km northeast of Vladivostok. The pre-impact mass of the meteoroid may have been 100,000 kg. The strewn field of this meteorite covered an elliptical area of about 1.3 km. Some fragments made craters, the largest of which was about 26 m across and 6 m deep. Ref: - R.A. Gallant, 1997, Sky & Telescope, 93, no. 2, p.50, "Sikhote-Alin: 50 years later." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997S%26T....93b..50G See also: http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/1535-when-space-attacks-6-craziest-meteor-impacts-history.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhote-Alin_meteorite
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| 1947, Apr 3 | Asteroid 2008 GM2 (H = 28.4 mag, D ≈ 9 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.99 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.51 LD. See: 2008 GM2 - JPL , 2008 GM2 - SSA See also: 3 Apr 2008.
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| 1947, Apr 21 | Asteroid 2016 EK27 (H = 22.3 mag, D ≈ 146 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.37 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.51 LD. See: 2016 EK27 - JPL , 2016 EK27 - SSA
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| 1947, Dec 3 | Asteroid 2008 WA14 (H = 23.0 mag, D ≈ 107 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.89 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.27 LD. See: 2008 WA14 -JPL , 2008 WA14 - SSA
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| 1948 | The international yearbook "Ephemerides of minor planets", published since 1948 for the International Astronomical Union by the Institute of Applied Astronomy, St Petersburg (Russian Federation), contains information on orbital elements of numbered minor planets and the circumstances of their observations during the best observation periods. See: http://www.ipa.nw.ru/PAGE/DEPFUND/LSBSS/engephem.htm
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| 1949 | Ralph E. Baldwin (…. – 19.., USA), The Face of the Moon (Chicago: UCP), describing the damage that a NEO impact might cause on Earth. Reviews: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1949PA.....57..257B
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| 1949, Jan 1 | Asteroid 2003 YS70 (H = 28.8 mag, D ≈ 7 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.68 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.63 LD. [1949-01] See: 2003 YS70 - JPL , 2003 YS70 - SSA
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| 1949, Apr 14 | Asteroid 99942 Apophis (2004 MN4, H = 19.7 mag, D = 310 ± 30 m, orbital P = 0.89 yr, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 10.88 LD. Minimum miss distance 10.88 LD. See: 2004 MN4 - JPL , 99942 Apophis - SSA See also: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Herschel_intercepts_asteroid_Apophis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99942_Apophis See also: 13 Apr 1907, 14 Apr 1998, 13 Apr 2029, 23 Mar 2036.
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| 1949, Jun 11 | Kunashak Meteor Shower. A shower of about 20 meteorites fell near Kunashak (Chelyabinsk Province, Russia). Total recovered weight over 200 kg, the largest stones weighing 120 kg, 40 kg, and 36 kg. See: http://books.google.nl/books?id=mkdHJR35Q_8C&pg=PA285&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=12377 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteor
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| 1949, Jun 27 | Discovery of Earth-orbit crossing asteroid 1566 Icarus (1949 MA, H = 16.3 mag, D = 1270 m, Apollo asteroid, also Venus- and Mercury-orbit crossing, PHA) by Walter Baade (1893 – 1960, Germany/USA). In 1968 Icarus became the first minor planet to be observed by radar. It is plausible that Icarus and asteroid 5786 Talos (1991 RC, H = 16.0 mag, D ≈ 1.3 km) and asteroid 2007 MK6 (H = 19.9 mag, D ≈ 350 m) are related. See: 1949 MA - JPL , 1566 Icarus - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1566_Icarus Ref: - D.K. Yeomans, 1991, Astronomical Journal, 101, 1920, "A comet among the near-earth asteroids?" See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991AJ....101.1920Y Erratum: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992AJ....104.1266Y
- D. Steel, 1991, Nature, 354, 265, "Our asteroid-pelted planet." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Natur.354..265S - K. Ohtsuka, H. Arakida, T. Ito, et al., 2007, Astrophysical Journal Letters, 668, L71, "Apollo asteroids 1566 Icarus and 2007 MK6: Icarus family members?" See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...668L..71O
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| 1949, Dec 11 | Asteroid 2010 XR69 (H = 25.4 mag, D ≈ 35 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.42 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.90 LD. See: 2010 XR69 -JPL , 2010 XR69 - SSA
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| 1950, Jan 1 | 13 NEAs known, of which 5 PHAs. See: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/
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| 1950 | The Yerkes-McDonald Survey of Asteroids (1950 – 1952), down to v = 16.5, was performed by astronomers Gerard P. Kuiper (1905 – 1973, Netherlands/USA), George A. Van Biesbroeck (1880 – 1974, Belgium/USA), Cornelis J. van Houten (1920 – 2002, Netherlands), Ingrid M. van Houten-Groeneveld (Netherlands) and Tom Gehrels (Netherlands/USA). A number of 3247 objects were found. Ref: - G.P. Kuiper, Y. Fujita, T. Gehrels, I. M. Groeneveld, J. Kent, G.A. Van Biesbroeck, C.J. van Houten, 1958, Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 3, 289, "Survey of asteroids". See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958ApJS....3..289K
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| 1951 | Ernst Julius Öpik (1893-1985, Estonia – Ireland), 1951, Proc. Royal Irish Academy, 54A, 165, "Collision probabilities with the planets and the distribution of interplanetary matter." Discussing the possible importance of the Yarkovsky effect, discovered by Ivan Osipovich Yarkovsky (1844-1902, Russian-Polish civil engineer) for meteoroids moving about the Solar System. See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951PRIA...54..165O http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarkovsky_effect
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| 1951, Jun 22 | Asteroid 496860 (1999 XL136, H = 19.4 mag, D ≈ 558 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.05 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.05 LD. See: 1999 XL136 - JPL , 1999 XL136 - SSA See also: 23 Jun 2012.
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| 1952 | V.V. Radzievskii, 1952, Astron. Zh., 29, 162, "A mechanism for the disintegration of asteroids and meteorites". See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952AZh....29..162R
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| 1952, Jun 7 | Asteroid 2014 HQ124 (H = 18.9 mag, D ≈ 370 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.35 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.35 LD. See: 2014 HQ124 -JPL , 2014 HQ124 - SSA See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_HQ124 See also: 7 Jun 1901, 8 Jun 2014, 8 Jun 2065.
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| 1952, Dec | E.J. Öpik, 1952, Irish Astronomical Journal, 2, 95, "Collisions with heavenly bodies." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952IrAJ....2...95O
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| 1952, Dec 9 | Asteroid 2014 QK434 (H = 19.2 mag, D ≈ 594 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.52 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.23 LD. See: 2014 QK434 - JPL , 2014 QK434 - SSA
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| 1952, Dec 24 | Asteroid 450293 (2004 LV3, H = 18.7 mag, D ≈ 748 m, PHA) passed Earth at 4.61 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.61 LD. See: 2004 LV3 - JPL , 2004 LV3 - SSA See also: 25 Dec 2049.
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| 1953, Nov 29 | Asteroid 153201 (2000 WO107, H = 19.1 mag, D ≈ 510 m, PHA) passed Earth at 2.53 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.53 LD. See: 2000 WO107 - JPL , 2000 WO107 - SSA See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(153201)_2000_WO107 See also: 30 Nov 2093, 1 Dec 2140.
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| 1954 | A.C.B. Lovell, 1954, Meteor Astronomy (Oxford: Clarendon Press). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954QB741.L6....... A critical review of this book, with comments on meteor velocities in particular, is given by E.J. Öpik, 1955, Irish Astronomical Journal, 3, 144, "Meteor astronomy." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955IrAJ....3..144O
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| 1954, Feb 28 | Asteroid 462550 (2009 CB3, H = 19.5 mag, D ≈ 536 m, PHA) passed Earth at 3.47 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.47 LD. See: 2009 CB3 - JPL , 2009 CB3 - SSA
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| 1954, Mar 13 | Asteroid 2013 RZ53 (H = 31.2 mag, D ≈ 2 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.27 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.26 LD. [1954-01] See: 2013 RZ53 - JPL , 2013 RZ53 - SSA See also: 18 Sep 2013.
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| 1954, Mar 18 | Asteroid 2005 FN (H = 26.9 mag, D ≈ 17 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 6.02 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.06 LD. See: 2005 FN - JPL , 2005 FN - SSA
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| 1954, Aug 1 | Asteroid 2011 CC22 (H = 21.3 mag, D ≈ 234 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 11.87 LD. Minimum miss distance 11.86 LD. See: 2011 CC22 - SSA , 2011 CC22 - JPL See also: 4 Aug 2017.
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| 1954, Nov 30 | Hodges meteorite. First known modern case of a human hit by a space rock occurred in Sylacauga (Alabama, USA). A 4 kg stone chondrite crashed through a roof and hit Mrs. Ann Hodges in her living room after it bounced off her radio. She was badly bruised. The Hodges meteorite, or Sylacauga meteorite, is on exhibit at the Alabama Museum of Natural History. See: http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/1535-when-space-attacks-6-craziest-meteor-impacts-history.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylacauga_(meteorite)
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| 1954, Dec | G.P. Kuiper, 1954, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 40(12), 1096, "On the origin of the lunar surface features." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954PNAS...40.1096K
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| 1954, Dec 4 | Asteroid 2012 KT42 (H = 28.8 mag, D ≈ 7 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.61 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.03 LD. See: 2012 KT42 - JPL , 2012 KT42 - SSA See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_KT42 See also: 3 Dec 1915, 29 May 2012.
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| 1955, Jun 19 | Asteroid 2015 LR21 (H = 26.5 mag, D ≈ 21 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.59 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.56 LD. [1955-01] See: 2015 LR21 - JPL , 2015 LR21 - SSA
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| 1955, Sep 18 | Asteroid 2015 KE (H = 26.2 mag, D ≈ 24 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.30 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.03 LD. See: 2015 KE - JPL , 2015 KE - SSA See also: 7 May 2107.
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| 1955, Dec 22 | Asteroid 2006 RJ1 (H = 22.2 mag, D ≈ 154 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.80 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.39 LD. See: 2006 RJ1 - JPL , 2006 RJ1 - SSA
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| 1956, Jan | M.W. De Laubenfels (1956) suggested the idea that the dinosaurs demise is due to an impact event and the resulting super-hot winds that would result. He scaled up the effects of the Tunguska blast and made first suggestion of the death of the dinosaurs being impact related. Mammals first appeared in Cretaceous with the most outstanding type differing little from the modern opossum. The author argues for a brief period of extreme heat enough to kill exposed large animals. Birds, mammals, aquatic animals would have survived. He notes in October 1937 the close Earth approach of Hermes and the Tunguska event. He computes an amount of heat available from a 100 m sized impactor at 10 km/s and notes that if kinetic energy turned into heat, it would be enough to boil 1016 tons of water whereas entire oceans are 1018 tons. - Ref: M.W. De Laubenfels (Oregon State College), 1956, Journal of Paleontology, 30, 207, "Dinosaur extinction: one more hypothesis." See: http://www.norwebster.com/astrohit/
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| 1956, May | C.S. Beals, G.M. Ferguson, A. Landau, 1956, Sky & Telescope, 15, 296, "The Holleford Crater in Ontario." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1956S%26T....15..296B
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| 1956, Oct 13 | Asteroid 496817 (1989 VB, H = 19.8 mag, D ≈ 400 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 7.26 LD. Minimum miss distance 7.26 LD. See: 1989 VB - SSA , 1989 VB - JPL See also: 29 Sep 2017, 20 Oct 2078.
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| 1956, Nov | Harold C. Urey (1893 – 1981, USA), 1956, Astrophysical Journal, 124, 623, "Diamonds, meteorites, and the origin of the Solar System." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1956ApJ...124..623U
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| 1956, Dec 16 | Asteroid 33342 (1998 WT24, H = 17.8 mag, D ≈ 415 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.52 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.52 LD. See: 1998 WT24 - JPL , 1998 WT24 - SSA See also: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/images/1998wt24.html http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2001/ast14dec_1/ http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4800 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(33342)_1998_WT24 See also: 16 Dec 1908, 16 Dec 2001, 11 Dec 2015, 18 Dec 2099
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| 1957, Sep | C.S. Beals, 1957, Sky & Telescope, 16, 526, "A probable meteorite crater of great age." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957S%26T....16..526B
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| 1957, Dec 10 | Asteroid 2010 XW58 (H = 24.8 mag, D ≈ 47 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.16 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.16 LD. [1957-01] See: 2010 XW58 - JPL , 2010 XW58 - SSA
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| 1958 | E.J. Öpik, 1958, Physics of meteor flight in the atmosphere (New York: Interscience Publishers). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958QB741.O38......
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| 1958, Feb 22 | C.S. Beals, 1958, Nature, 181, 559, "A survey of terrestrial craters." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958Natur.181..559B
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| 1958, Mar | E.J. Öpik, 1958, Irish Astronomical Journal, 5, 34, "On the catastrophic effect of collisions with celestial bodies." Öpik proposed that NEO impacts might have handicapped the development of land in the paleontological history. See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958QB741.O38......
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| 1958, Jul | G.P. Kuiper, Y. Fujita, T. Gehrels, I. M. Groeneveld, J. Kent, G.A. Van Biesbroeck, C.J. van Houten, 1958, Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 3, 289, "Survey of asteroids". See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958ApJS....3..289K
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| 1959, Jan 27 | Asteroid 2012 BX34 (H = 27.6 mag, D ≈ 13 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.53 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.40 LD. [1959-01] See: 2012 BX34 - JPL , 2012 BX34 - SSA See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_BX34 See also: 27 Jan 2012
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| 1959, Apr 7 | Příbram Meteorite Fall, the first meteorite simultaneously observed by several stations in the Czech Republic. The network was initiated locally at Ondřejov Observatory. By 1963, the network consisted of 5 stations. In 1968 it had expanded by the installation of about 15 new stations in Germany, and was named the European Fireball Network. - Ref: P. Spurný, J. Boroviča, L. Shrbený, 2007, in: A. Milani, G.B. Valsecchi & D. Vokrouhlický (eds.), Proc. IAU Symposium No. 236 on Near Earth Objects, our Celestial Neighbors: Opportunity and Risk, Prague (Czech Republic), 14-18 August 2006 (Cambridge: CUP), p. 121, "Automation of the Czech part of the European Fireball Network: equipment, methods and first results." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007IAUS..236..121S http://www.dlr.de/pf/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-623/1043_read-26813/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Fireball_Network
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| 1959, Jul 13 | Asteroid 2017 NM6 (H = 18.8 mag, D ≈ 737 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 7.75 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.09 LD. See: 2017 NM6 - JPL , 2017 NM6 - SSA
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| 1960, Jan 1 | 20 NEAs known, of which 8 PHAs. See: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/
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| 1960, Sep - Oct | Tom Gehrels took Palomar Schmidt (1.2-m) plates, on which C.J. van Houten et al. (1970) discovered over 2000 asteroids with v < 20 mag, including four NEAs. Ref: C.J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, P. Herget & T. Gehrels, 1970, Astronomy & Astrophysics Suppl., 2, 339, "The Palomar-Leiden survey of faint minor planets." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970A%26AS....2..339V C.J. van Houten, P. Herget, B.G. Marsden, 1984, Icarus, 59, 1, "The Palomar-Leiden survey of faint minor planets – Conclusion." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Icar...59....1V
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| 1960, Oct 24 | Asteroid 2004 UH1 (H = 28.2 mag, D ≈ 10 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.47 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.41 LD. [1960-01] See: 2004 UH1 - JPL , 2004 UH1 - SSA See also: 24 Oct 2004.
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| 1961, Apr 12 | Asteroid 163243 (2002 FB3, H = 16.4 mag, D ≈ 1620 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.90 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.90 LD. See: 2002 FB3 - JPL , 2002 FB3 - SSA
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| 1961, Oct | Eugene M. Shoemaker and Edward C.T. Chao proved that Nördlingen Ries crater (d = 24 km, Nördlingen, western Bavaria, Germany), formed ~14.4 My ago in the Miocene, was caused by meteorite impact. Another impact crater, the much smaller (3.8 km diameter) Steinheim crater, is located ~ 42 km WSW from the centre of Ries. The two craters are believed to have formed nearly simultaneously by the impact of a binary asteroid. The impactors probably had diameters of ~ 1.5 km (Ries) and 150 m (Steinheim), and a pre-impact separation of some tens of kilometers. Ref: - E.M. Shoemaker, E.C.T. Chao, 1961, Journal of Geophysical Research, 66, 3371, "New evidence for the impact origin of the Ries Basin, Bavaria, Germany." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961JGR....66.3371S See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlinger_Ries http://www.unb.ca/passc/ImpactDatabase/images/ries.htm http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/nordlingen2010/ http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/a14ries.html The Earth Impact Database lists some 170 known impact craters on Earth. See: http://www.unb.ca/passc/ImpactDatabase/
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| 1962, Mar 24 | H.C. Urey, 1962, Nature, 193, 1119, " Life-forms in meteorites: origin of life-like forms in carbonaceous chondrites. Introduction." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962Natur.193.1119U
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| 1963 | Eugene M. Shoemaker (1928 – 1997, USA) and colleagues firmly established the impact origin of the Meteor Crater in Arizona. Meteor Crater is located approximately 69 km east of Flagstaff, near Winslow in the northern Arizona desert of the United States. The site was formerly known as the Canyon Diablo Crater. Scientists generally refer to it as Barringer Crater, in honor of the geologist Daniel Barringer (1860 – 1929) who was first to suggest that it was produced by meteorite impact. Barringer Meteor Crater lies at an elevation of about 1,740 m above sea level. It is ~ 1,200 m in diameter, 170 m deep, and is surrounded by a rim that rises 45 m above the surrounding plains. The center of the crater is filled with 210 – 240 m of rubble lying above crater bedrock. The incoming asteroid had a diameter of ~ 25 m and a velocity of 15 km/s. The largest meteorite found is the so-called Holsinger meteorite, weighing 639 kg, on display in the Meteor Crater Visitor Center on the rim of the crater. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor_Crater http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barringer_Crater http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holsinger_Meteorite Ref: - E.M. Shoemaker, 1963, in: B.M. Middlehurst & G.P. Kuiper (eds.), The Moon, Meteorites, and Comets (Chicago: UCP), p. 301, "Impact mechanics at Meteor Crater, Arizona." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963mmc..book..301S - D.J. Roddy, E.M. Shoemaker, 1995, Meteoritics 30(5), 567, "Meteor Crater (Barringer Meteorite Crater), Arizona: summary of impact conditions." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Metic..30Q.567R - M. Boslough, 1996, Skeptical Inquirer, Vol. 20.2, March/April 1996, "Scientific knowledge is money in the bank." See: http://www.csicop.org/si/show/scientific_knowledge_is_money_in_the_bank - D.A. Kring, 1997, Meteoritics& Planetary Science, 32, 517, "Air blast produced by the Meteor Crater impact event and a reconstruction of the affected environment." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997M%26PS...32..517K - D.A. Kring, 1999, Sky & Telescope, 98(5), 48, "Calamity at Meteor Crater." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999S%26T....98e..48K - H.J. Melosh, G.S. Collins, 2005, Nature, 434, 157, "Meteor Crater formed by a low-velocity impact." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.434..157M See also: http://www.unb.ca/passc/ImpactDatabase/images/barringer.htm http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap070623.html
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| 1963 | Initiation of the European Fireball Network. Ref: J. Olberst, S. Molau, D. Heinlein, et al., 1998, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 33, 49, "The 'European Fireball Network': Current status and future prospects". See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998M&PS...33...49O See also: http://www.molau.de/meteore/imc97-2.html http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007IAUS..236..121S http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6936/full/423123a.html http://www.dlr.de/pf/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-623/1043_read-1425/
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| 1963 | M.R. Dence, M.J.S. Innes, C.S. Beals, 1963, Astronomical Journal, 68, 534, "On the probable meteorite origin of the Clearwater Lakes, Quebec." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963AJ.....68..534D
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| 1963, Mar | Initiation of the Prairie Meteorite Network, with a prototype station in Havanna (IL, USA). By May 1964, 16 stations were operational. Ref: - R.E. McCrosky, H. Boeschenstein, 1965, SAO Special Report, No. 173, "The Prairie Meteorite Network." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965SAOSR.173.....M - Z. Ceplecha, R.E. McCrosky, 1997, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 32, A157, "Prairie Network fireballs: data on height, distance and brightness for each measured time-mark." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997M%26PSA..32..157C
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| 1963, Aug 3 | Prince Edward Islands Fireball and Airburst (South Africa). See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts
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| 1963, Nov 2 | R.L.C. Gallant, 1963, Nature, 200, 414, "Changes in the Earth's axis due to large meteorite collisions." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963Natur.200..414G
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| 1963, Nov 4 | Asteroid 2010 JL88 (H = 26.8 mag, D ≈ 19 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 7.80 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.56 LD. See: 2010 JL88 - JPL , 2010 JL88 SSA See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_JL88
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| 1964 | C.S. Beals, M.R. Dence, A.J. Cohen, 1964, Astronomical Journal, 69, 134, "Evidence suggesting a meteorite impact origin for Lac Couture, Quebec." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964AJ.....69R.134B
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| 1964 | Dandridge M. Cole, Donald W. Cox, 1964, Islands in space: the challenge of the planetoids (Philadephia: Chilton). See: http://discoveryenterprise.blogspot.com/2007/08/islands-in-space-challenge-of.html
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| 1964 | René L.C. Gallant (1906 – 1985, Belgium), 1964, Bombarded Earth (London: John Baker Publishers Ltd). See: http://www.catastrophism.com/cdrom/pubs/books/gallant/index.htm http://www.velikovsky.info/Ren%C3%A9_Gallant#cite_note-palmer2003-0
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| 1965, Jan 17 | Asteroid 2007 BD (H = 25.6 mag, D ≈ 32 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.002 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.855 LD. See: 2007 BD - JPL , 2007 BD- SSA See also: 18 Jan 2007.
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| 1965, Mar 31 | Revelstoke Fireball and Airburst, 64 km NW of the city of Revelstoke (BC, Canada): an extremely bright bolide giving off sparks was observed to travel for 100 km in 8 seconds. See: http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=22592 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts
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| 1965, Oct 21 | Asteroid 171576 (1999 VP11, H = 18.5 mag, D ≈ 827 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.42 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.35 LD. See: 1999 VP11 - JPL , 1999 VP11 - SSA See also: 21 Oct 1982, 22 Oct 2086.
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| 1965, Oct 27 | Asteroid 2005 VL1 (H = 26.3 mag, D ≈ 23 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.75 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.75 LD. [1965-01] See: 2005 VL1 - JPL , 2005 VL1 - SSA See also: 3 Nov 2087.
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| 1966, Jan 12 | Asteroid 2016 AN165 (H = 27.7 mag, D ≈ 12 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.21 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.31 LD. See: 2016 AN165- JPL , 2016 AN165- SSA See also: 13 Jan 2016.
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| 1966, Feb 18 | Asteroid 2011 DS (H = 27.0 mag, D ≈ 17 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.44 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.55 LD. See: 2011 DS - JPL , 2011 DS - SSA See also: 21 Feb 1981, 18 Feb 2050.
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| 1966, July | In an UPI report, Australian scientist S.T. Butler noted an upcoming close Earth approach by the asteroid 1566 Icarus (1949 MA, H = 16.0 mag, D = 1.3 km, PHA) in 1968. He suggested that the asteroid could possibly be destroyed by a nuclear warhead if it neared the Earth. Paul Sandorff (MIT, U.S.A.) then assigned a hypothetical problem to his system engineering class. This “Icarus Project” drew a good deal of attention, including a Time Magazine story in June 1967 and a book the following year. See: 1949 MA -JPL , 1566 Icarus - SSA , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Icarus Ref: - Time Magazine, 16 June 1967, "Systems engineering: avoiding an asteroid"; - Louis A. Kleinman (ed.), 1968, "Project Icarus: an MIT student project in systems engineering" (Cambridge: MIT Press); - MIT Students, 1979, "Project Icarus – revised edition" (Cambridge: MIT Press).
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| 1966, Sep 17 | Lake Huron, Michigan-Ontario Fireball and Airburst (USA, Canada). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1966JRASC..60..257H http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts
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| 1966, Nov 17 | Leonid Fireball over Table Mountain Observatory (Angeles National Forest, Wrightwood, CA, USA). See: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap981113.html
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| 1967, Feb 5 | Vilna Fireball and Airburst (Alberta, Canada). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1969JRASC..63...61F http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts
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| 1967, Jun | The largest know meteorite, the Hoba meteorite, lies on the farm "Hoba West", not far from Grootfontein, in the Otjozondjupa Region of Namibia. It has been uncovered in 1920, but, because of its large mass, has never been moved from where it fell. The main mass is estimated at 54,000 kg, and it is the largest known meteorite (as a single piece) and the most massive naturally-occurring piece of iron known at the Earth's surface. The Hoba meteorite is thought to have landed less than 80,000 years ago. It is inferred that the Earth's atmosphere slowed the object down to the point that it fell to the surface at terminal velocity, thereby remaining intact and causing little excavation. The Hoba meteorite is unusual in that it is flat on both major surfaces, possibly causing it to have skipped across the top of the atmosphere in the way a flat stone skips on water. Size: 2.7 × 2.7 × 0.9 m. Ref: - J.D. Fernie, 1967, Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 61, 127, "Journey via Otjiwarongo. A trip to the Hoba Meteorite." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967JRASC..61..127F http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoba_meteorite
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| 1967, Sep 29 | Asteroid 440212 (2004 OB, H = 18.9 mag, D ≈ 710 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.35 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.35 LD. See: 2004 OB - JPL , 2004 OB - SSA
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| 1968 | European Fireball Network established. Ref: - P. Spurný, J. Boroviča, L. Shrbený, 2007, in: A. Milani, G.B. Valsecchi & D. Vokrouhlický (eds.), Proc. IAU Symposium No. 236 on Near Earth Objects, our Celestial Neighbors: Opportunity and Risk, Prague (Czech Republic), 14-18 August 2006 (Cambridge: CUP), p. 121, "Automation of the Czech part of the European Fireball Network: equipment, methods and first results." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007IAUS..236..121S See also: http://www.dlr.de/pf/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-623/1043_read-26813/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Fireball_Network
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| 1968 | C.S. Beals, 1968, Contributions Dominion Observatory Ottawa, 4(29), 1, "Theories of the origin of Hudson Bay. I. On the possibility of a catastrophic origin for the great arc of eastern Hudson Bay." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968CoDAO...4....1B
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| 1968, Jan | G.W. Wetherill, J.G. Williams, 1968, Journal of Geophysical Research, 73, 635, "Evaluation of the Apollo asteroids as sources of stone meteorites." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968JGR....73..635W
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| 1968, Apr 23 | Asteroid 2008 GD110 (H = 24.5 mag, D ≈ 53 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.60 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.16 LD. See: 2008 GD110 - JPL , 2008 GD110 - SSA
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| 1968, May 15 | Asteroid 2010 JR34 (H = 27.7 mag, D ≈ 12 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.09 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.91 LD. See: 2010 JR34 -JPL , 2010 JR34 - SSA
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| 1968, Jun 14 | Asteroid 1566 Icarus (1949 MA, H = 16 mag, D = 1300 m, PHA) passed Earth at 16.53 LD. Observed by radar by NASA's Goldstone Solar System Radar (CA, USA) and the MIT Haystack Observatory (Westfort, MA, USA). See: 1949 MA - JPL , 1566 Icarus - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1566_Icarus Ref: - R.M. Goldstein, 1968, Science, 162, 903, "Radar observations of Icarus." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968Sci...162..903G - B.G. Marsden, 1998, Boston Sunday Globe, 29 March 1989, "How the asteroid story hit: an astronomer reveals how a discovery spun out of control." See: http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/pressinfo/1997XF11Globe.html See also: 16 Jun 2015, 14 Jun 2090.
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| 1968, Dec 16 | Asteroid 2015 XA378 (H = 25.9 mag, D ≈ 8 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.77 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.62 LD. See: 2015 XA378 - SSA , 2015 XA378 - JPL See also: 1 June 2053.
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| 1968, Dec 28 | Asteroid 2014 YW14 (H = 27.6 mag, D ≈ 13 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.64 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.60 LD. [1968-01] See: 2014 YW14 - JPL , 2014 YW14 - SSA
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| 1969, Feb 8 | Chihuahua Fireball, witnessed falling over the Mexican State of Chihuahua. After breaking up in the atmosphere, an extensive search for pieces was conducted; it is often described as "the best-studied meteorite in history." Some 2000 kg of meteorite material has been collected. The largest piece found, the Allende meteorite of 0.520 kg, is notable for possessing abundant, large calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions, which are among the oldest objects formed in the Solar System. The 238U/235U isotope ratio found in the Allende meteorite by Brennecka et al. (2010) implies that the Solar System is some 5 million years younger than thought previously. See : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allende_meteorite Ref: - G.A. Brennecka, S. Weyer, M. Wadhwa, et al., 2010, Science, 327, 449, "238U/235U variations in meteorites: extant 247Cm and implications for Pb-Pb dating." See: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/327/5964/449 - Chi Ma, O. Tschauner, J.R. Beckett, et al., 2012, American Mineralogist, 97, 1219, "Panguite, (Ti4+,Sc,Al,Mg,Zr,Ca)1.8O3, a new ultra-refractory titania mineral from the Allende meteorite: synchrotron micro-diffraction and EBSD." See: http://www.its.caltech.edu/~chima/publications/2012_AM_buseckite.pdf http://media.caltech.edu/press_releases/13524
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| 1969, Mar 31 | Asteroid 2017 FU102 (H = 28.7 mag, D ≈ 8 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 6.90 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.25 LD. See: 2014 YW14 - JPL , 2014 YW14 - SSA
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| 1969, Jul 21 | Asteroid 2018 BN6 (H = 26.7 mag, D ≈ 19 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.47 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.96 LD. See: 2018 BN6 - SSA , 2018 BN6 - JPL See also: http://iawn.net/ See also: 24 Jan 2018, 25 Jan 2045
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| 1969, Aug 27 | Asteroid 192642 (1999 RD32, H = 16.2 mag, D ≈ 2383 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.63 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.62 LD. See: 1999 RD32 - JPL , 1999 RD32 - SSA See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(192642)_1999_RD32
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| 1969, Sep 28 | Murchison Fireball and Meteorite. Near the town of Murchison (Victoria, Australia), a bright fireball was observed to separate into three fragments before disappearing, leaving a cloud of smoke. About 30 seconds later, a tremor was heard. Many specimens were found over an area larger than 13 km², with individual masses up to 7 kg; one piece, weighing 680 g, broke through a roof. The total collected mass exceeds 100 kg. Ref: - P. Schmitt-Kopplin, Z. Gabelica, R.D. Gougeon, et al., 2010, Proc. Nat Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 2763, "High molecular diversity of extraterrestrial organic matter in Murchison meteorite revealed 40 years after its fall." See: http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/02/12/0912157107.abstract - S. Pizzarello, August 2012, Astrophysical Journal (Letters), 754, L27, "Hydrogen cyanide in the Murchison Meteorite." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...754L..27P See also: http://tin.er.usgs.gov/meteor/metbull.php?code=16875 http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=murchison-meteorite http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murchison_meteorite
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| 1969, Dec | The Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition discovered nine meteorites on the blue ice field of the Yamato Mountains in Antarctica, December 1969. This was the first significant recovery of Antarctic meteorites and represented samples of several different types. In 2011, co-researchers from the USA, South Korea and Japan have found in meteorite Yamato 691 a new mineral, dubbed "Wassonite", formed from sulfur and titanium, and possessing a unique crystal structure that has not been previously observed in nature. Ref: - T. Nagata, 30 June 1976, Meteoritics, 11, 181, "Yamato meteorites collected in Antarctica in 1969." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Metic..11..181N http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/home/wassonite.html
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| 1970, Jan 1 | 27 NEAs known, of which 10 PHAs. See: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/
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| 1970 | First infrared diameter of an asteroid measured: 4 Vesta (H = 3.40 mag, D = 530 km, main-belt asteroid). See: Vesta - JPL , 4 Vesta - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Vesta Ref: - D.A. Allen, 1970, Nature, 227, 158, "Infrared diameter of Vesta." See: http://nature.com/nature/journal/v227/n5254/abs/227158a0.html
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| 1970, Jan 3 | Lost City Fireball. Four stations (Hominy OK, Woodward OK, Pleasanton KS, and Garden City KS) of the Prairie Meteorite Network simultaneously photographed the track of a meteoroid fireball. Analysis of the photographs indicated that a meteorite might have landed within an area east of Lost City (OK, USA). This was the first time in the US that simultaneous photography of a fireball from multiple observation points was achieved, making it possible to calculate a trajectory and delimit a search area on the ground. Six days later, a 9.83 kg (21.6 pound) meteorite was spotted sitting in a snow-covered dirt road within one-half mile of Lost City. Three additional smaller meteorite fragments were recovered later (272 g, 640 g, 6.6 kg). Ref: - Z. Ceplecha, 1996, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 311, 329, "Luminous efficiency based on photographic observations of the Lost City fireball and implications for the influx of interplanetary bodies onto Earth." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996A%26A...311..329C http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_City,_Oklahoma
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| 1970, Jan 24 | C.S. Beals, 1970, Nature, 225, 368, "Impact craters and the relative ages of Earth and Moon." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970Natur.225..368B
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| 1970, Mar 27 | Asteroid 215588 (2003 HF2, H = 19.3 mag, D ≈ 490 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.02 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.02 LD. See: 2003 HF2 - JPL , 2003 HF2 - SSA
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| 1970, Oct | C.J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, P. Herget & T. Gehrels, 1970, Astronomy & Astrophysics Suppl., 2, 339, "The Palomar-Leiden Survey of faint Minor Planets." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970A%26AS....2..339
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| 1971, Feb 4 | Asteroid 2016 CE (H = 28.5 mag, D ≈ 8 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.86 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.58 LD. [1971-01] See: 2016 CE - JPL , 2016 CE - SSA See also: 5 Feb 2056.
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| 1971, Mar 6-10 | IAU Colloquium No. 12 on Physical Studies of Minor Planets, Tucson (AZ, USA), 6-10 March 1971. Proceedings: T. Gehrels (ed.), 1971, NASA SP-267, "Physical studies of minor planets." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971NASSP.267.....G
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| 1971, Apr 2 | Asteroid 2015 FA285 (H = 26.1 mag, D ≈ 25 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 5.81 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.73 LD. See: 2015 FA285 - JPL , 2015 FA285 - SSA
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| 1971, Apr 3 | Asteroid 2014 GC49 (H = 28.6 mag, D ≈ 8 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.04 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.64 LD. See: 2014 GC49 - JPL , 2014 GC49 - SSA
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| 1971, Apr 11 | Asteroid 2002 JE9 (H = 21.3 mag, D ≈ 235 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.62 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.59 LD. [1971-02] See: 2002 JE9 - JPL , 2002 JE9 - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_JE9
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| 1971, May 22 | Asteroid 2017 WL15 (H = 25.8 mag, D ≈ 29 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.58 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.50 LD. See: 2017 WL15 - JPL , 2017 WL15 - SSA
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| 1972 | V.L. Masajtis, M.V. Mikhajlov, T.V. Selivanovskaya, 1972, Meteoritics, 7(1), 39, "The Popigay meteorite crater." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972IGRv...14..327M
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| 1972 | V.L. Masaitis, M.V. Mikhailov, T.V. Selivanovskaya, 1972, Int. Geol. Rev., 14, 327, "Popigai Basin -- an explosion meteorite crater." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972Metic...7...39M
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| 1972, Mar | D.J. Milton, B.C. Barlow, R. Brett, et al., 1972, Science, 175, 1199, "Gosses Bluff impact structure, Australia." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972Sci...175.1199M http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosses_Bluff_crater
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| 1972, Aug 10 | Great Daylight 1972 Fireball (US19720810), Earth-grazing asteroid, estimated D ≈ 3-14 m, 100-sec passage with 15 km/s through the Earth atmosphere, 57 km high over the Rocky Mountains from Utah (USA) to Alberta (Canada). Co-inciding with the annual Perseid meteor shower. Suggestions that this object is still in an Earth crossing orbit around the Sun and passed close to the Earth again in August 1997 have not been substantiated (Spahr, 2010, private communication). Ref: - R.D. Rawcliffe, C.D. Bartky, F. Li, et al., 1974, Nature, 247, 449, "Meteor of August 10, 1972." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974Natur.247..449R - E.J. Öpik, 1974, Irish Astronomical Journal, 11, 165, "A meteorite that got away." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974IrAJ...11..165O - A.C. Clarke, 1993, in preface of his novel The Hammer of God (New York: Bantam Books). See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hammer_of_God - E. Tagliaferri, 1998, Mercury, Vol. 27, no. 6, p. 18, "Observation of meteoroid impacts by space-based sensors." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Mercu..27f..18T - Z. Ceplecha, 1994, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 283, 287, "Earth-grazing daylight fireball of August 10, 1972." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A%26A...283..287C See also: http://web.archive.org/web/20050120051405/www.maa.agleia.de/Comet/Other/1972.html http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap090302.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Daylight_1972_Fireball http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-grazing_fireball
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| 1972, Oct 2 | R.J. Ford, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 16, 228, "A possible impact crater associated with Darwin glass." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972E&PSL..16..228F See also:
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| 1973, Jan | Eleanor F. Helin and Eugene M. Shoemaker begin photographic NEO searches using Palomar 46 cm (18 inch) telescope: the Planet-Crossing Asteroid Survey (PCAS), 1973 – 1978. They took photographic plates 3 nights each month till 1978 and found first Earth orbit crosser (asteroid 5496 1973 NA, H = 15.9 mag, D ≈ 2.73 km) on 4 July 1973. See: 1973 NA - JPL , 5496 1973 NA - SSA See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(5496)_1973_NA Ref: - E.F. Helin, E.M. Shoemaker, 1979, Icarus, 40, 321, "The Palomar Planet-Crossing Asteroid Survey, 1973 – 1978." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Icar...40..321H http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet-Crossing_Asteroid_Survey
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| 1973, Jan 17 | Asteroid 2009 BH2 (H = 22.4 mag, D ≈ 142 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.88 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.20 LD. See: 2009 BH2 - JPL , 2009 BH2 - SSA
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| 1973, Feb | J.K. Bjorkman, 1973, Meteoritics, 8, 91, "Meteors and meteorites in the ancient Near East."
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| 1973, Mar 13 | Discovery of asteroid 1943 Anteros (1973 EC, H = 15.75 mag, D ≈ 2.48 km). See: 1973 EC - JPL , 1973 EC - SSA See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_Anteros See also: 6 February 2015, 23 May 2038, 20 May 2050.
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| 1973, Sep 18 | Asteroid 2017 RX2 (H = 26.4 mag, D ≈ 22 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.81 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.50 LD. See: 2017 RX2 - JPL , 2017 RX2 - SSA
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| 1973, Oct | P.D. Zimmerman, G.W. Wetherill, 1973, Science, 182, 51, "Asteroidal source of meteorites." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973Sci...182...51Z
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| 1973, Dec 19 | Asteroid 2017 YO3 (H = 28.2 mag, D ≈ 10 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.43 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.63 LD. See: 2017 YO3 - JPL , 2017 YO3 - SSA See also: 20 Dec 2064.
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| 1974, Feb 12 | Asteroid 2017 CP32 (H = 24.0 mag, D ≈ 67 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.11 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.44 LD. See: 2017 CP32 - JPL , 2017 CP32 - SSA See also: 12 Feb 2061.
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| 1974, Mar 16 | Asteroid 2012 EN5 (H = 27.3 mag, D ≈ 15 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.10 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.31 LD. See: 2012 EN5 -JPL , 2012 EN5 - SSA
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| 1974, May 7 | Asteroid 2014 HB177 (H = 28.3 mag, D ≈ 9 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.92 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.0059 LD (= 0.36 REarth from the geocenter). [1974-01] See: 2014 HB177 - JPL , 2014 HB177 - SSA See also: 6 May 2014, 6 May 2034.
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| 1974, Oct 5 | Asteroid 2018 CC1 (H = 23.5 mag, D ≈ 83 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.04 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.87 LD. See: 2018 CC1 -JPL , 2018 CC1 - SSA
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| 1975 | G.W. Wetherill, 1975, in: Proc. 6th Lunar Science Conference, Houston (TX, USA), 17-21 March 1975, Vol. 2 (New York: Pergamon Press, Inc.), p. 1539, "Late heavy bombardment of the moon and terrestrial planets." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975LPSC....6.1539W
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| 1975, Jan 14 | Asteroid 2018 AS2 (H = 28.6 mag, D ≈ 8 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.37 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.24 LD. See: 2018 AS2 - JPL , 2018 AS2 - SSA
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| 1975, Jan 23 | Asteroid 433 Eros (1898 DQ, H = 10.3 mag, D = 34.4 × 11.2 × 11.2 km, orbital P = 1.76 yr, Amor asteroid), passed Earth at 59 LD (= 0.15 AU). See: 1898 DQ - JPL , 433 Eros - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/433_Eros See also: 13 Aug 1898, 31 Jan 2012.
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| 1975, Jan 31 | Asteroid 27002 (1998 DV9, H = 18.1 mag, D ≈ 700 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.76 LD. Minimum miss distance 1.76 LD. See: 1998 DV9 - JPL , 1998 DV9 - SSA
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| 1975, Mar 25 | Asteroid 2012 FT35 (H = 29.3 mag, D ≈ 6 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.83 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.94 LD. See: 2012 FT35 - JPL , 2012 FT35 - SSA See also: 29 Mar 1925.
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| 1975, Sep | A. Ben-Menahem, 1975, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 11, 1, "Source parameters of the Siberian explosion of June 30, 1908, from analysis and synthesis of seismic signals at four stations." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975PEPI...11....1B
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| 1976 | D. Morrison, 1976, Astronomy, 4, no. 6, p. 6, "Asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Ast.....4f...6M
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| 1976, Jan 7 | First discovery of an Aten asteroid (semi-major axis 1 AU), 2062 Aten (1976 AA, H = 17.1 mag, D = 1300 m), by Eleanor F. Helin (1932 – 2009, USA). See: 1976 AA - JPL , 2062 Aten - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2062_Aten Ref: - E.F. Helin, E.M. Shoemaker, 1977, Icarus, 31, 415, "Discovery of asteroid 1976 AA". See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977Icar...31..415H
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| 1976, Jan 28 | Gujarat Brilliant Fireball and Dhajala Meteorite Shower, India. Ref: - N. Bhandari, D. Lal, J.R. Trivedi, 1976, Meteoritics, 11, 137, "The Dhajala meteorite shower." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Metic..11..137B
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| 1976, Mar 8 | Jilin Meteorite Shower, near Jilin City (Jilin Province, China), had a dispersion ellipse of 72 × 8.5 km and landed over 100 fragments with a total mass > 2700 kg. The largest of these fragments weighs 1770 kg and presents the largest stony meteorite known. Ref: - K. Yau, P. Weissman, D. Yeomans, 1994, Meteoritics, 29, 864, "Meteorite falls in China and some related human casualty events." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Metic..29..864Y http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/J/Jilin.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall
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| 1976, Mar 29 | Asteroid 2014 GY44 (H = 25.4 mag, D ≈ 35 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.19 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.17 LD. See: 2014 GY44 - JPL , 2014 GY44 - SSA
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| 1976, Oct 17 | Asteroid 2013 UG1 (H = 22.2 mag, D ≈ 149 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.85 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.85 LD. [1976-01] See: 2013 UG1 - JPL , 2013 UG1 - SSA See also: 17 Oct 2065.
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| 1976, Dec | Z. Ceplecha, R.E. McCrosky, 1976, Journal of Geophysical Research, 81, 6257, "Fireball end heights – a diagnostic for the structure of meteoric material." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976JGR....81.6257C
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| 1977, Jan 29 | Asteroid 292220 (2006 SU49, H = 19.5 mag, D ≈ 523 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.87 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.86 LD. See: 2006 SU49 - JPL , 2006 SU49 - SSA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(292220)_2006_SU49 See also: 30 Jan 1982, 28 Jan 2029.
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| 1977, Sep 13 | Asteroid 2012 EP10 (H = 29.2 mag, D ≈ 6 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 3.52 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.21 LD. See: 2012 EP10 - JPL , 2012 EP10 - SSA
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| 1977, Oct 13 | Asteroid 2011 GA (H = 20.9 mag, D ≈ 273 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.70 LD. Minimum miss distance 9.70 LD. See: 2011 GA - JPL , 2011 GA - SSA See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_GA
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| 1978 | C.R. Chapman, J.G. Williams, W.K. Hartmann, 1978, Annual Review of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 16, 33, "The asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978ARA%26A..16...33C
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| 1978 | L'. Kresák, 1978, Bulletin Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia, 29, 103, "Passages of comets and asteroids near the earth." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978BAICz..29..103K
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| 1978 | L'. Kresák, 1978, Bulletin Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia, 29, 114, "The comet and asteroid population of the earth's environment." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978BAICz..29..114K
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| 1978 | L'. Kresák, 1978, Bulletin Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia, 29, 149, "The total number of the Apollo asteroids and their chance rediscoveries." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978BAICz..29..149K
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| 1978 | B.L. Narendra, 1978, Discovery 13(1), 10, "The Peabody Museum meteorite collection: a historic account." See: http://peabody.yale.edu/collections/meteorites-and-planetary-science/weston-meteorite http://peabody.yale.edu/collections/meteorites-and-planetary-science/wethersfield-meteorite
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| 1978 | G.L. Verschuur, 1978, Cosmic Catastrophes (Reading, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley Publ. Co.). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978coca.book.....V
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| 1978, Apr 1 | IAU Minor Planet Center moved to Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge (MA, USA). Brian G. Marsden, director. Up to this time, the set of numbered minor planets had increased to 2060, with nearly 180,000 observations in the archive. See: http://www.oaa.gr.jp/~oaacs/mp/BriefHistoryofMPCbyConradBardwell.pdf http://www.iau.org/static/publications/IB104.pdf , p. 67.
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| 1978, May 20 02:43 | Asteroid 2017 KY4 (H = 24.6 mag, D ≈ 50 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 7.50 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.77 LD. See: 2017 KY4 - JPL , 2017 KY4 - SSA
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| 1978, May 20 12:48 | Asteroid 2011 UD21 (H = 28.5 mag, D ≈ 8 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.75 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.24 LD. See: 2011 UD21 - JPL , 2011 UD21 - SSA
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| 1978, Jul 1 | Asteroid 436724 (2011 UW158, H = 19.9 mag, D ≈ 600 x 300 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.68 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.67 LD. See: 2011 UW158 - JPL , 2011 UW158 - SSA See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(436724)_2011_UW158 See also: 2 Jul 2108.
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| 1978, Sep | E. Bowell, C.R. Chapman, J.C. Grady, D. Morrison, B. Zellner, 1978, Icarus, 35, 313, "Taxonomy of asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Icar...35..313B
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| 1978, Oct 20 | Asteroid 2017 UJ2 (H = 30.8 mag, D ≈ 3 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.16 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.40 LD. See: 2017 UJ2 - SSA , 2017 UJ2 - JPL , http://iawn.net/2017/10/22/asteroid-2017-uj2-close-approach/ See also: 20 Oct 2017, 30 Oct 2030.
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| 1979 | T. Gehrels (ed.), 1979, Asteroids I (Tucson: Univ. Arizona Press). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979aste.book.....G
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| 1979 | E.J. Öpik, 1979, Irish Astronomical Journal, 14, 31, "Dinosaurs." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979IrAJ...14Q..31O
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| 1979, Feb | R.D. Rawcliffe, 1979, Astrophysical Journal, 228, 338, "Satellite observations of meteors." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979ApJ...228..338
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| 1979, Mar | G.W. Wetherill, 1979, Scientific American, 240, No. 3, 38, "Apollo objects." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979SciAm.240...54W
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| 1979, Sep 2 | Asteroid 2014 WX202 (H = 29.6 mag, D ≈ 5 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.87 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.86 LD. [1979-01] See: 2014 WX202 - JPL , 2014 WX202 - SSA See also: 7 Dec 2014.
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| 1979, Sep 22 | The Vela Incident. Double flash explosion detected by an American Vela Hotel satellite over the South Atlantic caused by nuclear weapons test or meteoroid? See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela_Incident
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| 1979, Nov | W.M. Napier, S.V.M. Clube, 1979, Nature, 282, 455, "A theory of terrestrial catastrophism." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Natur.282..455N
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| 1979, Dec | E.F. Helin, E.M. Shoemaker, 1979, Icarus, 40, 321, "The Palomar planet-crossing asteroid survey, 1973-1978." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Icar...40..321H
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| 1979, Dec | H.H. Nininger, 1979, Meteoritics, 14, 497, "Small asteroids frequently arrive on the Earth." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Metic..14..497N
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| 1979, Dec 17 | Asteroid 1979 XB (H = 18.5 mag, D ≈ 856 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 14.24 LD. Minimum miss distance 11.30 LD. See: 1979 XB - JPL , 1979 XB - SSA This asteroid may make a close Earth flyby on 14 Dec 2113.
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| 1980, Jan 1 | 53 NEAs known, of which 17 PHAs. See: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/
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| 1980 | Spacewatch program started by Tom Gehrels and Robert S. McMillan, LPL, UA, Tucson (AZ, USA). Routine detections started in 1984, survey started in 1989. CCD-scanning observations are conducted 20 nights each lunation with the Steward Observatory 0.9-m Spacewatch Telescope (down to v = 21 mag) and the Spacewatch 1.8-m telescope (down to v = 23 mag), both on Kitt Peak (AZ, USA). From 1992 to 1995 Spacewatch automatically detected more than 60,000 asteroids down to v = 21 mag. See: http://spacewatch.lpl.arizona.edu/ Ref: - R.S. McMillan and The Spacewatch Team, 2007, in: A. Milani, G.B. Valsecchi & D. Vokrouhlický (eds.), Proc. IAU Symposium No. 236 on Near Earth Objects, our Celestial Neighbors: Opportunity and Risk, Prague (Czech Republic), 14-18 August 2006 (Cambridge: CUP), p. 329, "Spacewatch preparations for the era of deep all-sky surveys." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007IAUS..236..329M - D.K. Yeomans, S.R. Chesley, P.W. Chodas, 2010, in: A.M. Finkelstein, W.F. Huebner & V.A. Shor (eds.), Proc. Intern. Conf. Asteroid-Comet Hazard 2009, Protecting the Earth against collisions with asteroids and comet nuclei, St. Petersburg (Russian Federation), 21-25 September 2009 (Saint Petersburg: Nauka), p. 244, "NASA's Near-Earth Object Program Office." See: http://ftp://quasar.ipa.nw.ru/pub/ACHBOOK_2009/ach-2009_book.pdf http://www.skyandtelescope.com/news/125432648.html - R.S. McMillan, T.H. Bressi, J.V. Scotti, et al., 2012, American Astronomical Society, DPS meeting #44, #210.14, "Spacewatch observations of Near-Earth Objects." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012DPS....4421014M See also: http://spacewatch.lpl.arizona.edu/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacewatch
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| 1980 | E. Helin, D. Morrison, G. Wetherill, M. Hanner, 1980, Sky & Telescope, 60, 12, "IRAS and the asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980S%26T....60...12H
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| 1980, Jan 20 | Asteroid 2018 BH3 (H = 25.2 mag, D ≈ 38 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.06 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.05 LD. See: 2018 BH3 - JPL , 2018 BH3 - SSA See also: 20 Jan 2060.
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| 1980, May 17 | Asteroid 2009 WW7 (H = 28.9 mag, D ≈ 7 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 6.71 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.12 LD. See: 2009 WW7 - JPL , 2009 WW7 - SSA
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| 1980, Jun | Nobel Prize winning physicist Luiz W. Alvarez (1911 – 1988, USA) and colleagues published their seminal paper (1980), associating the extinction of dinosaurs ~65.5 Myr ago with the direct impact of a large asteroid or comet. Ten years later after this initial proposal, evidence of a huge impact crater called Chicxulub, off the coast of Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico), strongly confirmed their theory. The crater center is located near the town Chicxulub. The crater diameter is over 180 km, maybe even 300 km, making the feature one of the largest confirmed impact craters on Earth. The crater was discovered by the geophysicist Glen Penfield, who had been looking for oil in Yucatán during the late-1970s. Returning later he found evidence for the impact theory (A.R. Hildebrand et al., 1991). The impacting NEO that formed the crater had a diameter D = 10 ± 4 km; the explosion released an energy of about 5 × 107 megaton TNT, substantially more powerful than the largest known volcanic eruption. W.F. Bottke et al. (2007) suggested that the impacting NEO was a member of the Baptistina family of asteroids, created by a collision of two main-belt asteroids (with D = 170 km and 60 km) 160 Myr ago, the largest surviving orbiting member of which is main-belt asteroid 298 Baptistina (D = 13-30 km), discovered in 1890 by Auguste H. Charlois (1864 – 1910) at the Observatoire de Nice (France). But see Masiero et al. (2011). Schulte et al. (2010) summarized evidence that the Chicxulub impact triggered the mass extinction ~65.5 year ago. Ref: - L. Alvarez, W. Alvarez, S. Klint, 1980, Science News, 117(2), 22, 12 January 1980, "Asteroid-caused extinctions." Correction: Science News, 117(6), .., 9 February 1980. See: http://www.sciencenews.org/view/feature/id/188305/title/Now_--_Asteroid-Caused_Extinctions http://www.sciencenews.org/view/feature/id/177017/title/Correction_Now_--_Asteroid-Caused_Extinctions http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980SciN..117...22A - J. Smit, J. Hertogen, 1980, Nature, 225, 198, 22 May 1980, "An extraterrestrial event in the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980Natur.285..198S - L.W. Alvarez, W. Alvarez, F. Asaro, H.V. Michel, 1980, Science, 208, 1095, 6 June 1980, "Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous–Tertiary [K-T] extinction." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980Sci...208.1095A - J. Smit, J. Hertogen, L.W. Alvarez, W. Alvarez, F. Asaro, H.V. Michel, E.M. Shoemaker, 1980, Sky & Telescope, 80, 188, "Fresh light on an ancient catastrophe – Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980S%26T....60R.188S - D.V. Kent, G.C. Reid, R.E. Brown, L.W. Alvarez, et al. 1981, Science, 211, 648, 13 February 1981, "Asteroid extinction hypothesis." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Sci...211..648K - J. Smit, G. Klaver, 1981, Nature, 292, 47, 2 July 1981, "Sanadine spherules at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary indicate a large impact event." See: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v292/n5818/abs/292047a0.html http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Natur.292...47S - R.P. Turco, O.B. Toon, C. Park, et al., 1981, Science, 214, 19, "Tunguska meteor fall of 1908 – effects on stratospheric ozone." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Sci...214...19T - R.A.F. Grieve, 1984, Nature, 310, 370, "Cretaceous-Tertiary extinctions: physical evidence of impact." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Natur.310..370G - A.R. Hildebrand, G.T. Penfield, D.A. Kring, et al., 1991, Geology, 19, 867, "Chicxulub Crater: A possible Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary impact crater on the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Natur.310..370G - K.O. Pope, K.H. Baines, A.C. Ocampo, B.A. Ivanov, 1994, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 128, 719, "Impact winter and the Cretaceous/Tertiary extinctions: results of a Chicxulub asteroid impact model." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994E%26PSL.128..719P - G.L. Verschuur, 1996, Impact! The threat of comets and asteroids (Oxford: OUP), Ch.2 "The saga of the Chicxulub Crater." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996itca.book.....V - P. Claeys, S. Goderis, 2007, Nature, 449, 30, "Lethal billiards." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.449...30C - W.F. Bottke, D. Vokrouhlický, D. Nesvorný, et al., 2007, Nature, 449, 48, "An asteroid breakup 160 Myr ago as the probable source of the K/T impactor." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.449...48B - D.J. Majaess, D. Higgins, L.A. Molnar, et al., 2009, Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 103, 7, "New constraints on the asteroid 298 Baptistina, the alleged family member of the K/T impactor." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JRASC.103....7M - P. Schulte, L. Alegret, I. Arenillas, et al., 5 March 2010, Science, 327, 1214, "The Chicxulub asteroid impact and mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary." See: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/327/5970/1214.abstract?sid=e1f5d964-44c1-471c-a76c-ee04a627676f - J.D. Archibald, W.A. Clemens, K. Padian, et al., 21 May 2010, Science, 328, 973, "Cretaceous-Extinctions: multiple causes." - P. Schulte, L. Alegret, I. Arenillas, et al., 21 May 2010, Science, 328, 975, "Cretaceous-Extinctions: multiple causes / responses." See: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/328/5981/975.full - J.R. Masiero, A.K. Mainzer, T. Grav, et al., 2011, Astrophysical Journal, 741, 68, "Main belt asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary albedos and diameters." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...741...68M - H. Pälike, 8 February 2013, Science, 339, 655, "Impact and extinction." See: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/339/6120/655.summary - P.R. Renne, A.L. Deono, F.J. Hilgen, et al., 2013, Science, 339, 684, "Time scales of critical events around the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary." See: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/339/6120/684.abstract - A.E. Zlobin, 29 April 2013, e-print arXiv:1304.8070, "Discovery of probably Tunguska meteorites at the bottom of Khushmo river's shoal." See: http://arxiv.org/abs/1304.8070 - J. Vellekoop, A. Sluijs, J. Smit, et al., 12 May 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, published ahead of print, "Rapid short-term cooling following the Chicxulub impact at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary." - A.E. Zlobin, 7 Aug 2013, e-print arXiv: 1402.1408, "Tunguska similar impacts and origin of life." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014arXiv1402.1408Z See also: http://www.unb.ca/passc/ImpactDatabase/images/chicxulub.htm http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2004/168.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_event http://www.jyi.org/volumes/volume5/issue6/features/weinreb.html http://www.jyi.org/volumes/volume5/issue7/features/weinreb.html http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=asteroid-killed-dinosaurs http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/01/070118094039.htm http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroidwatch/newsfeatures.cfm?release=2011-296 http://www.space.com/19681-dinosaur-killing-asteroid-chicxulub-crater.html http://www.space.com/20354-dinosaur-extinction-caused-by-comet.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicxulub_crater
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| 1980, Aug 5 | Tajikistan Fireball, 5 August 1980, observed by the meteor observing stations operated by the Meteor Patrol of the Hissar Astronomical Observatory (Tajikistan) and Kipchak station. Ref: - N.A. Konovalova, J.M. Madiedo, J.M. Trigo-Rodríguez, 2013, LPI Contribution No. 1719, p. 1479, "Analysis of a large meteorite-dropping fireball from the Apollo NEA family." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013LPICo1719.1479K
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| 1980, Sep 28 | Asteroid 2011 TO (H = 26.3 mag, D ≈ 23 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.38 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.79 LD. See: 2011 TO - JPL , 2011 TO - SSA See also: 28 Sep 2011, 27 Sep 2044.
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| 1981, May 7 | R.A.F. Grieve, 1981, Nature, 291, 16, "Impact cratering." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Natur.291...16G
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| 1981, May 18 | Asteroid 143651 (2003 QO104, H = 16.0 mag, D ≈ 2290 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.76 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.76 LD. See: 2003 QO104 - JPL , 143651 2003 QO104 - SSA
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| 1981, Jul 13-16 | First NASA NEO workshop on Collision of Asteroids and Comets with the Earth: Physical and Human Consequences, Snowmass (CO, USA), chaired by Eugene M. Shoemaker. Report never published. Ref: - D. Chandler, 2008, Nature, 453, 1164, "The burger bar that saved the world." See: http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080625/full/4531164a.html
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| 1981, Oct 12-22 | First Snowbird Conference on Large Body Impacts and Terrestrial Evolution: Geological, Climatological, and Biological Implications, Snowbird (Utah, USA). See: http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lpi_40th/1981.shtml
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| 1981, Nov | C. Emiliani, E.B. Kraus, E.M. Shoemaker, 1981, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 55, 317, "Sudden death at the end of Mesozoic." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981E%26PSL..55..317E
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| 1981, Nov | G.W. Wetherill, 1981, Icarus, 48, 308, "Which fireballs are meteorites – a study of the Prairie Network photographic meteor data." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Icar...48..308W
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| 1982 | L.T. Silver, P.H. Schulz (eds.), 1982, Proc., Geological implications of impacts of large asteroids and comets on the Earth, Geological Society of America Special Papers, Vol. 190. See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/190
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| 1982, Jan 30 | Asteroid 292220 (2006 SU49, H = 19.5 mag, D ≈ 523 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.49 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.49 LD. See: 2006 SU49 - JPL , 2006 SU49 - SSA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(292220)_2006_SU49 See also: 29 Jan 1977, 28 Jan 2029.
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| 1982, Oct 21 | Asteroid 171576 (1999 VP11, H = 18.6 mag, D ≈ 827 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.77 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.77 LD. See: 1999 VP11 - JPL , 1999 VP11 - SSA See also: 21 Oct 1965, 22 Oct 2086.
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| 1982, Nov 4 | Asteroid 2012 TY52 (H = 21.3 mag, D ≈ 234 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.82 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.81 LD. [1982-01] See: 2012 TY52 - JPL , 2012 TY52 - SSA
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| 1982, Nov 8 | The Wethersfield Fireball and Meteorite. See: http://peabody.yale.edu/collections/meteorites-and-planetary-science/wethersfield-meteorite
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| 1983 | E.M. Shoemaker, 1983, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science, 11, 461, "Asteroid and comet bombardment of the Earth." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983AREPS..11..461S
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| 1983 | Discovery of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater, formed by a bolide that impacted the eastern shore of North America ~35 million years ago. It is the largest impact crater in the USA. Ref: - Wuchang Wei, C.W. Poag, L.J. Poppe, et al., 1993, Geology, 21, 478, "Deep sea drilling Project Site 612 bolide event: new evidence of a late Eocene impact-wave deposit and a possible impact site, U.S. east coast: comment and reply." See: http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/21/5/478> - C. Koeberl, W.U. Reimold, D. Brandt, C.W. Poag, 1995, Meteoritics, 30, 528, "Chesapeake Bay crater, Virginia: confirmation of impact origin." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Metic..30R.528K See also: http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/epubs/bolide/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_impact_crater
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| 1983, Jun 20-22 | International conference on Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, Uppsala (Sweden). Proceedings: C.-I. Lagerkvist & H. Rickman, 1983, Asteroids, Comets, Meteors (Uppsala: Astronomiska Observatoriet). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983acmp.book.....L
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| 1983, Oct 11 | Asteroid 3200 Phaethon (1983 TB, H = 13.9 mag, D = 5100 m, M = 1.4 × 1014 kg, PHA) discovered by IRAS. It approaches the Sun closer than any other numbered asteroid: its perihelion is 0.14 AU, i.e., less than half Mercury's perihelion distance. Phaethon is possibly an old comet core. Its closest approach to Earth within the next 190 yr will occur on 14 December 2093 at 7.7 LD. See: 1983 TB - JPL , 3200 Phaethon - SSA Ref: - J. Davies, S.F. Gree, C.M. Bardwell, et al., 1983, IAU Circular 3860, "Comet IRAS (1983o)." See: http://cepsar.open.ac.uk/pers/s.f.green/p4_6.shtml - J. Licandro, H. Campins, T. Mothé-Diniz, et al., 2007, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 461, 751, "The nature of comet-asteroid transition object (3200) Phaethon." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A%26A...461..751L - J. de León, H. Campins, K. Tsiganis, et al., 2010, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 513, 26, "Origin of the near-Earth asteroid Phaethon and the Geminids meteor shower." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010A%26A...513A..26D - D. Jewitt, J. Li, 2010, Astronomical Journal, 140, 1519, "Activity in Geminid parent (3200) Phaethon." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AJ....140.1519J - J. Li, D. Jewitt, June 2013, Astronomical Journal, 145, 9, "Recurrent perihelion activity in (3200) Phaethon." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AJ....145..154L See also: http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iauc/03800/03878.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geminids http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/06dec_geminids/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3200_Phaethon
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| 1984 | The 0.9-m Spacewatch Telescope became the first telescope to detect and discover asteroids and comets with electronic detectors (CCDs, as opposed to photographic plates or films). See: http://spacewatch.lpl.arizona.edu/
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| 1984, Jan | Z. Sekanina, D.K. Yeomans, 1984, Astronomical Journal, 89, 154, "Close encounters and collisions of comets with the earth." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984AJ.....89..154S
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| 1984, Jan 10 | Asteroid 2016 TB57 (H = 26.1 mag, D ≈ 26 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.77 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.76 LD. [1984-01] See: 2016 TB57 - JPL , 2016 TB57 - SSA
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| 1984, May 24 | J.K. Davies, S.F. Green, B.C. Stewart, et al., 1984, Nature, 309, 315, "The IRAS fast-moving object search." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Natur.309..315D
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| 1984, Jul | C.J. van Houten, P. Herget, B.G. Marsden, 1984, Icarus, 59, 1, "The Palomar-Leiden Survey of Faint Minor Planets – conclusion." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Icar...59....1V
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| 1984, Aug | H.J. Melosh, 1984, Icarus, 59, 234, "Impact ejection, spallation, and the origin of meteorites." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Icar...59..234M
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| 1985 | Fred L. Whipple (1906 – 2004, USA): “Protection of the Earth from undesirable impacting bodies is not just a science fiction project for some improbable future. The cost might be comparable to, even smaller than, the world’s current military expenditures. We could choose to do it now. We could choose to protect ourselves from asteroids and comets rather than from each other.” Ref: F.L. Whipple, 1985, The Mystery of Comets (Baltimore: Smithsonian Institution Press).
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| 1985, Feb | D.I. Steel, W.J. Baggaley, 1985, Monthly Notices Royal Astronomical Society, 212, 817, "Collisions in the Solar System. I. Impacts of the Apollo-Amor-Aten asteroids upon the terrestrial planets." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985MNRAS.212..817S
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| 1985, Feb 11 | Asteroid 2012 PB20 (H = 24.9 mag, D ≈ 44 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.23 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.86 LD. See: 2012 PB20 - JPL , 2012 PB20 - SSA
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| 1985, Mar | G. Hahn, H. Rickman, 1985, Icarus, 61, 417, "Asteroids in cometary orbits." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Icar...61..417H
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| 1985, Mar | G.W. Wetherill, 1985, Meteoritics, vol. 20,1, "Asteroidal source of ordinary chondrites." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Metic..20....1W
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| 1985, Apr 9 | Asteroid 2017 UK1 (H = 27.0 mag, D ≈ 17 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.34 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.51 LD. See: 2017 UK1 - JPL , 2017 UK1- SSA
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| 1985, May 17 | G.W. Wetherill, 1985, Science, 228, 877, "Occurrence of giant impacts during the growth of the terrestrial planets." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Sci...228..877W
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| 1985, Jun 3-6 | International conference on Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, II, Uppsala (Sweden). Proceedings: C.-I. Lagerkvist, H. Rickman, B.A. Lindblad, H. Lundstedt, 1986, Asteroids, Comets, Meteors II (Uppsala: Astronomiska Observatoriet). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986acm..proc.....L
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| 1985, Jul 12 | L.A. McFadden, M.J. Gaffey, Th.B. Mccord, 1985, Science, 229, 160, "Near-Earth Asteroids: possible sources from reflectance spectroscopy." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Sci...229..160M
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| 1985, Sep 2 | Asteroid 371660 (2007 CN26, H = 21.1 mag, D ≈ 250 m, PHA) passed Earth at at a nominal miss distance of 1.05 LD. Minimum miss distance 1.05 LD. See: 2007 CN26 - JPL , 371660 2007 CN26 - SSA
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| 1985, Nov 2 | Asteroid 2018 GE2 (H = 26.8 mag, D ≈ 18 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 5.66 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.96 LD. See: 2018 GE2 - SSA , 2018 GE2 - JPL See also: http://iawn.net/ See also: 29 Oct 2042.
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| 1985, Nov 28 | I. Halliday, A.T. Blackwell, A.A. Griffin, 28 November 1985, Nature, 318, 317, "Meteorite impacts on humans and buildings." See: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v318/n6044/abs/318317a0.html
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| 1985, Dec | S.F. Green, N. Eaton, A.J. Meadows, J.K. Davies, B.C. Stewart, 1985, Icarus, 64, 517, "The detection of fast-moving asteroids and comets by IRAS." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Icar...64..517G
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| 1985, Dec | R.A.F. Grieve, V.L. Sharpton, A.K. Goodacre, 1985, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 76, 1, "A perspective on the evidence for periodic cometary impacts on Earth." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985E%26PSL..76....1G
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| 1986 | D.L. Matson, 1986, The IRAS Asteroid and Comet Survey, JPL D-3689 (Pasadena: JPL). See: http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/IRASdocs/surveys/comet.html
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| 1986, Jan | D.I. Steel, W.G. Elford, 1986, Monthly Notices Royal Astronomical Society, 218, 185, "Collisions in the Solar System. III. Meteoroid survival times." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986MNRAS.218..185S
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| 1986, Mar 13 | ESA spacecraft Giotto flyby of comet Halley. Ref: - J. Kissel, D.E. Brownlee, K. Buchler, et al., 1986, Nature, 321, 336, "Composition of comet Halley dust particles from Giotto observations." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Natur.321..336K - G. Schwehm, 2006, ESA Bulletin, 125, 8, "Twenty years after Giotto - ESA's pioneering mission to comet Halley." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ESABu.125....8S See also: http://hubble.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31876 http://hubble.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=15 http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Rosetta/SEMMA0YTVKG_0.html http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMUAYJ4LOG_index_0.html http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEM18PD1XOG_index_0.html
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| 1986, Sep 22-25 | R.N. Pugh, J.E. Allen, 1986, presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, American Museum of Natural History, New York (NY, USA), LPI Contribution 600, p.208, "Origing of the Willamette Meteorite." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986LPICo.600E.208P http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Meteorite
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| 1986, Oct 11 | Asteroid 2012 TC4 (H = 26.7 mag, D ≈ 15 x 8 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.71 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.000019 LD (= 0.0012 REarth from the geocenter). See: 2012 TC4 - JPL , 2012 TC4 - SSA See also: 12 Oct 2012, 12 Oct 2017
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| 1987 | R.A.F. Grieve, 1987, Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 15, 245, "Terrestrial impact structures." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987AREPS..15..245G
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| 1987, Jun 1 | Asteroid 2014 WG365 (H = 20.2 mag, D ≈ 388 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.94 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.94 LD. See: 2014 WG365 - JPL , 2014 WG365 - SSA
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| 1987, Jul | D.K. Yeomans, S.J. Ostro, P.W. Chodas, 1987, Astronomical Journal, 94, 189, "Radar astrometry of near-earth asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987AJ.....94..189Y
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| 1987, Jul | Z. Ceplecha, P. Spurný, J. Bocek, et al., 1987, Bulletin Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia, 38, 211, "European Network fireballs photographed in 1978." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987BAICz..38..211C
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| 1987, Jul | Z. Ceplecha, 1988, Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia, 38, 222, "Geometric, dynamic, orbital and photometric data on meteoroids from photographic fireball networks." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987BAICz..38..222C
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| 1988 | T. Gehrels, 1988, On the Glassy Sea. An Astronomer's Journey (New York: American Institute of Physics), Ch. 16, p. 183, "Asteroid impacts and planet formation". Including the history of the 90 cm Spacewatch Telescope on Kitt Peak (AZ, USA). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988gsaa.book.....G
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| 1988, Feb 18 | K.A. Maher, D.J. Stevenson, 1988, Nature, 331, 612, "Impact frustration of the origin of life." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Natur.331..612M
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| 1988, Mar 8-11 | International conference on Asteroids II, Tucson (AZ, USA). Proceedings: R.P. Binzel, T. Gehrels, & M.S. Matthews (eds.), 1989, Asteroids II (Tucson: Univ. Arizona Press). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989aste.conf.....B
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| 1988, Apr 21 | H.J. Melosh, 1988, Nature, 332, 687, "The rocky road to panspermia." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Natur.332..687M
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| 1988, Jul | Z. Ceplecha, 1988, Bulletin Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia, 39, 221, "Earth's influx of different populations of sporadic meteoroids from photographic and television data." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988BAICz..39..221C
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| 1988, Aug | T. Gehrels, 1988, in: Reports of Planetary Astronomy (NASA: Washington), p. 45, "CCD scanning for comets and asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988plas.rept...45G
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| 1988, Oct | G.W. Wetherill, 1988, Icarus, 76, 1, "Where do the Apollo objects come from?" See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Icar...76....1W
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| 1988, Oct 15 | Asteroid 2010 UK (H = 26.8 mag, D ≈ 18 m) passed Earth at at a nominal miss distance of 1.08 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.82 LD. See: 2010 UK - JPL , 2010 UK - SSA
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| 1988, Oct 20-22 | Second Snowbird Conference on Global Catastrophes in Earth History: Interdisciplinary Conference on Impacts, Volcanism, and Mass Mortality, Snowbird (Utah, USA). Proc.: V.L. Sharpton & P.D. Ward (eds.), 1991, Geol. Soc. of America Special Paper, Vol. 247. See: http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lpi_40th/1988.shtml
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| 1988, Oct 22 | E.M. Shoemaker, C.S. Shoemaker, R.F. Wolfe, 1988, in: V.L. Sharpton & P.D. Ward (eds.), 1991, Proc. Second Snowbird Conference on Global Catastrophes in Earth History: Interdisciplinary Conference on Impacts, Volcanism, and Mass Mortality, Snowbird (Utah, USA), "Asteroid and comet flux in the neighbourhood of the Earth." See: http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lpi_40th/1988.shtml
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| 1989 | T. Gehrels begins full NEO search operation using CCD drift-scan mode at the Spacewatch Telescope, on Kitt Peak (AZ, USA). See: http://spacewatch.lpl.arizona.edu/
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| 1989 | C.R. Chapman, D. Morrison, 1989, Cosmic Catastrophes (New York: Plenum). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989coca.book.....C
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| 1989 | H.J. Melosh, 1989, Impact cratering: a geologic process (New York: Oxford University Press). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989icgp.book.....M http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989S%26T....78T.382M
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| 1989 | D.L. Matson, G.J. Veeder, E.F. Tedesco, L.A. Lebofsky, 1989, in: Asteroids II, R.P. Binzel, et al. (eds.), Proc. Conf. in Tucson (AZ, USA) 8-11 March 1988, (Univ. Arizona Press), p. 269, "The IRAS asteroid and comet survey". See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989aste.conf..269M A total of 1811 asteroids and 25 comets with known orbits were measured. Evidence was found in the IRAS data base for a large population of asteroids with unknown orbits. See also: D.L. Matson, IPAC, JPL D-3698, 1986, http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/IRASdocs/surveys/comet.html
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| 1989 | Conrad M. Bardwell (1926 – 2010), Temmon Guide, 1989, "A brief history of the Minor Planet Center." See: http://www.oaa.gr.jp/~oaacs/mp/BriefHistoryofMPCbyConradBardwell.pdf
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| 1989, Jan 4 | Re-discovery of the largest known PHA: 4179 Toutatis, 1989 AC (H = 15.3 mag, D = 4.6×2.4×1.9 km, P = 4.03 yr). It was first sighted on February 10, 1934, as object 1934 CT, and then promptly lost. Re-discovery on January 4, 1989, by Christian Pollas (France), and was named after the Celtic god Toutatis/Teutates, known to popular culture as the God the cartoon character Astérix's chief Vitalstatistix evokes so that the sky may never fall on his head. Radar imagery has shown that Toutatis is a irregular body consisting of two distinct "lobes", with maximum widths of about 4.6 km and 2.4 km respectively. It is hypothesized that Toutatis formed from two originally separate bodies which coalesced at some point, with the resultant asteroid being compared to a "rubble pile". See: 1989 AC - JPL , 4179 Toutatis - SSA Ref: - J.-L. Heudier, R. Chemin, A. Maury, C. Pollas, January 1989, IAU Circ., 4701, 2, "1989 AC." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989IAUC.4701....2H - S.J. Ostro, R.S. Hudson, R.F. Jurgens, et al., 1995, Science, 270, 80, "Radar images of asteroid 4179 Toutatis." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...270...80O - R.S. Hudson, S.J. Ostro, 1995, Science, 270, 84, "Shape and non-principal axis spin state of asteroid 4179 Toutatis." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...270...84H - D.J. Scheeres, S.J. Ostro, R.S. Hudson, et al., 1998, Icarus, 132, 53, "Dynamics of orbits close to asteroid 4179 Toutatis." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Icar..132...53S - S.J. Ostro, R.S. Hudson, K.D. Rosema, et al., 1999, Icarus, 137, 122, "Asteroid 4179 Toutatis: 1996 radar observations." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Icar..137..122O - R.S. Hudson, S.J. Ostro, D.J. Scheeres, 2003, Icarus, 161, 346, "High-resolution model of asteroid 4179 Toutatis." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Icar..161..346H - A.M. MacRobert, 2004, Sky & Telescope, 108 (3), 82, "The Closest Whiz-by of Toutatis." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004S%26T...108c..82M http://br.groups.yahoo.com/group/Astronomynews/message/5177 See also: http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2000/ast31oct_1/ http://newton.dm.unipi.it/neodys/index.php?pc=1.1.8&n=Toutatis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toutatis-4179
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| 1989, Mar | G.W. Wetherill, 1989, Meteoritics, 24, 15, "Cratering of the terrestrial planets by Apollo objects." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Metic..24...15W
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| 1989, Mar 2 | Asteroid 2016 DV1 (H = 24.8 mag, D ≈ 47 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 6.69 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.05 LD. See: 2016 DV1 - JPL , 2016 DV1 - SSA See also: 3 Mar 2016.
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| 1989, Mar 22 | Asteroid 4581 Asclepius (1989 FC, H = 20.7 mag, D ≈ 299 m, PHA) passed Earth at at a nominal miss distance of 1.78 LD. Minimum miss distance 1.78 LD. The next pass to come within 3 LD will not take place until 2189. See: 1989 FC - JPL , 4581 Asclepius - SSA Ref: - C.R. Chapman, D. Morrison, E. Bowell, 1989, in: 52nd Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, 31 July 31 – 4 August, Vienna (Austria), LPI Contr. 712, Meteoritics, 24, 258, "Hazards from Earth-approachers: implications of 1989 FC's 'Near Miss'." See also: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989LPICo.712...33C http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Metic..24S.258C http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4581_Asclepius See also: 16 Aug 2012, 24 Mar 2051.
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| 1989, Apr | G. Hahn, P. Magnusson, A.W. Harris, et al., 1989, Icarus, 78, 363, "Physical studies of Apollo-Amor asteroids - UBVRI photometry of 1036 Ganymed and 1627 Ivar." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Icar...78..363H
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| 1989, Apr | A. Milani, M. Carpino, G. Hahn, A.M. Nobili, 1989, Icarus, 78, 212, "Dynamics of planet-crossing asteroids – classes of orbital behaviour. Project SPACEGUARD." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Icar...78..212M
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| 1989, Apr | G.J. Veeder, M.S. Hanner, D.L. Matson, et al., 1989, Astronomical Journal, 97, 1211, "Radiometry of Near-Earth Asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989AJ.....97.1211V
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| 1989, May | S. van den Bergh, 1989, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 101, 500, "Life and death in the inner solar system." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PASP..101..500V http://www.astronomynotes.com/solfluf/s5.htm
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| 1989, Jun 12-16 | International conference on Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, III, Uppsala (Sweden). Proceedings: C.-I. Lagerkvist, H. Rickman, B.A. Lindblad, & M. Lindgren, 1990, Asteroids, Comets, Meteors III (Uppsala: Astronomiska Observatoriet). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990acmi.book.....L
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| 1989, Aug 1 | Asteroid 2014 LJ21 (H = 16.0 mag, D ≈ 2594 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 7.03 LD. Minimum miss distance 6.84 LD. See: 2014 LJ21 - JPL , 2014 LJ21 - SSA
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| 1989, Aug 19-22 | First-ever radar images of an asteroid: 4769 Castalia (1989 PB, NEA, H = 16.9 mag, D = 1.8 × 0.8 km, PHA) obtained with the 305 m Arecibo radio telescope by Steven J. Ostro (1946 – 2008) of NASA JPL, Pasadena (CA, USA) and R. Scott Hudson of Caltech, Pasadena. At the time of observation the distance to 4769 Castalia was d = 11 LD. See: 1989 PB - JPL , 4769 Castalia - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4769_Castalia Ref: - S.J. Ostro, J.F. Chandler, A.A. Hine, et al., 1990, Science, 248, 1523, "Radar images of asteroid 1989 PB." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Sci...248.1523O As of May 2008, Ostro and his collaborators had detected 222 NEAs (including 130 PHAs and 24 binaries) and 118 main-belt objects with radar. See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=180
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| 1989, Nov | J. Luu, D. Jewitt, 1989, Astronomical Journal, 98, 1905, "On the relative numbers of C types and S types among near-earth asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989AJ.....98.1905L
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| 1989, Nov 4 | Asteroid 2015 JJ (H = 22.1 mag, D ≈ 160 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.12 LD. Minimum miss distance 9.12 LD. See : 2015 JJ - SSA , 2015 JJ - SSA See also: 5 Nov 2050.
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| 1989, Nov 6 | D.M. Raup, P.A. Sabine, P. Ashmole, et al., 1989, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, series B, Biological Sciences, vol. 325, No. 1228, Evolution and Extinction, p. 421, "The case for extraterrestrial causes of extinction." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989RSPTB.325..421R http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2396933.pdf?acceptTC=true
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| 1989, Nov 9 | N.H. Sleep, K.J. Zahnle, J.F. Kasting, H.J. Morowitz, 1989, Nature, 342, 139, "Annihilation of ecosystems by large asteroid impacts on the early Earth." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Natur.342..139S
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| 1989, Dec | C.R. Chapman, D. Morrison, 1989, Mercury, 18, 185, "Cosmic impacts, cosmic catastrophes." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Mercu..18..185C
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| 1990, Jan 1 | 134 NEAs known, of which 42 PHAs. See: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/
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| 1990 | V.L. Sharpton, P.D. Ward (eds.), 1990, Proc. Global catastrophes in earth history; an interdisciplinary conference on impacts, volcanism, and mass mortality, …, …., 20-23 October 1988, Geological Society of America Special Papers, Vol. 247. See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247 Among the articles: - K.W. Flessa, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 1, "The “facts” of mass extinctions." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/1.abstract - R.B. Stothers, M.R. Rampino, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 9, "Periodicity in flood basalts, mass extinctions, and impacts; A statistical view and a model." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/9.abstract - D.E. Loper, K.McCartney, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 19, "On impacts as a cause of geomagnetic field reversals or flood basalts." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/19.abstract - D.M. Raup, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 27, "Impact as a general cause of extinction; A feasibility test " See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/27.abstract - C.J. Orth, M. Attrep, L.R. Quintana, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 45, "Iridium abundance patterns across bio-event horizons in the fossil record." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/45.abstract - KJ. Hsü, J.A. McKenzie, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 61, "Carbon-isotope anomalies at era boundaries; Global catastrophes and their ultimate cause." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/61.abstract - S.A. Davenport, T.J. Wdowiak, D.D. Jones, P.Wdowiak, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 71, "Chondritic metal toxicity as a seed stock kill mechanism in impact-caused mass extinctions." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/71.abstract - W. Alvarez, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 93, "Interdisciplinary aspects of research on impacts and mass extinctions; A personal view." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/93.abstract - U.B. Marvin, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 147, "Impact and its revolutionary implications for geology." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/147.abstract - E.M. Shoemaker, R.F. Wolfe, C.S. Shoemaker, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 1, "Asteroid and comet flux in the neighborhood of Earth." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/155.abstract - P.R. Weissman, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 171, "The cometary impactor flux at the Earth." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/171.abstract - N.G. Barlow, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 181, "Application of the inner Solar System cratering record to the Earth." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/181.abstract - R. Rocchia, P. Bonté, C.Jéhanno, et al., 1990, GSA SP, 247, 189, "Search for the Tunguska event relics in the Antarctic snow and new estimation of the cosmic iridium accretion rate." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/189.abstract - H.E. Newsom, G. Graup, D.A. Iseri, et al., 1990, GSA SP, 247, 195, "The formation of the Ries Crater, West Germany; Evidence of atmospheric interactions during a larger cratering event." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/195.abstract - J.B. Hartung, M.J. Kunk, R.R. Anderson, et al., 1990, GSA SP, 247, 207, "Geology, geophysics, and geochronology of the Manson impact structure." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/207.abstract - L.F. Jansa, M--P. Aubry, F.M. Gradstein, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 223, "Comets and extinctions; Cause and effect." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/223.abstract - C. Koeberl, V.L. Sharpton, T.M.Harrison, et al., 1990, GSA SP, 247, 233, "The Kara/Ust-Kara twin impact structure; A large-scale impact event in the Late Cretaceous." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/233.abstract - P.H. Schultz, D.E. Gault, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 239, "Prolonged global catastrophes from oblique impacts." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/239.abstract - C. Covey, S.J. Ghan, J.J. Walton, P.R. Weissman, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 263, "Global environmental effects of impact-generated aerosols; Results from a general circulation model." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/263.abstract - K.J. Zahnle, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 271, "Atmospheric chemistry by large impacts." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/271.abstract - A.M. Vickery, H.J. Melosh, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 289, "Atmospheric erosion and impactor retention in large impacts, with application to mass extinctions." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/289.abstract - V.L. Sharpton, R.A.F. Grieve, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 301, "Meteorite impact, cryptoexplosion, and shock metamorphism; A perspective on the evidence at the K/T boundary." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/301.abstract - B.F. Bohor, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 335, "Shocked quartz and more; Impact signatures in Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary clays." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/335.abstract - V.L. Sharpton, B.C. Schuraytz, K. Burke, et al., 1990, GSA SP, 247, 349, "Detritus in K/T boundary clays of western North America; Evidence against a single oceanic impact." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/349.abstract - E. Doehne, S.V. Margolis, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 367, "Trace-element geochemistry and mineralogy of the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary; Identification of extraterrestrial components." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/367.abstract - I. Gilmour, W.S. Wolbach, E. Anders, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 383, "Early environmental effects of the terminal Cretaceous impact." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/383.abstract - E. Thomas, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 481, "Late Cretaceous–early Eocene mass extinctions in the deep sea." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/481.abstract - N. MacLeod, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 595, "Effects of late Eocene impacts on planktic foraminifera." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/595.abstract - A. Montanari, 1990, GSA SP, 247, 607, "Geochronology of the terminal Eocene impacts; An update." See: http://specialpapers.gsapubs.org/content/247/607.abstract
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| 1990 | S.V.M. Clube, W.M. Napier, 1990, The Cosmic Winter (Oxford: Blackwell). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990cowi.book.....C
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| 1990 | From 1990 until its termination in 1996, Duncan Steel, director of Spaceguard Australia and Vice-President of The Spaceguard Foundation (see 26 March 1996), directed the southern hemisphere program Anglo-Australian Near Earth Asteroid Survey (AANEAS) for the discovery and tracking of near-Earth asteroids, based at the Anglo-Australian Observatory, using the UK 1.2m Schmidt Telescope. Ref: - D.I. Steel, R.H. McNaught, G.J. Garradd, D.J. Asher, K.S. Russell, 1997, Australian J. Astron., 7, 67, "AANEAS: a valedictory report." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997AuJA....7...67S http://users.tpg.com.au/users/tps-seti/spacegd4.html http://www.sis-group.org.uk/abstract/steel2.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Australian_Near-Earth_Asteroid_Survey
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| 1990 | R.A.F. Grieve, 1990, Scientific American, 262(4), 66, "Impact cratering on the Earth." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990SciAm.262...44G
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| 1990 | E.F. Helin, R.S. Dunbar, 1990, Vistas in Astronomy, 33, 21, "Search techniques for near-earth asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990VA.....33...21H
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| 1990, Feb | Chapman, C.R., Morrison, D., 1990, Mercury, 19, 21; 19, 30, "Cosmic impacts, cosmic catastrophes. II." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Mercu..19...21C
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| 1990, Mar | D. Morrison, C.R. Chapman, 1990, Sky & Telescope, 79, 261, "Target Earth – it will happen." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990S%26T....79..261M
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| 1990, Apr | American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), recommendations concerning NEOs to US Congress in a Position Paper Dealing with the Threat of an Asteroid Striking the Earth. See: http://pdf.aiaa.org//downloads/publicpolicypositionpapers//Asteroid-1990.pdf
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| 1990, Apr 7 | Glanerbrug meteorite. A fireball seen by hundreds of people in the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark resulted in an impact of an 885 g meteorite, riddling the roof of a home in Glanerbrug (the Netherlands). See: http://www.sterrenkunde.nl/index/encyclopedie/meteoren.html http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glanerbrug_meteoriet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite_fall
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| 1990, Apr 26 | C.R. Chapman, 1990, Nature, 344, 813, "Meteorite parent bodies." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Natur.344..813C
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| 1990, Sep | US Congress House in NASA Multiyear Authorization Act of 1990: "imperative that detection rate of Earth-orbit-crossing asteroids must be increased substantially, and that means to destroy or alter orbits … should be defined and agreed internationally."
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| 1990, Sep 19 | Asteroid 2003 SW130 (H = 29.1 mag, D ≈ 6 m) passed Earth at at a nominal miss distance of 0.56 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.46 LD. [1990-01] See: 2003 SW130 - JPL , 2003 SW130 - SSA See also: 19 Sept 2003.
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| 1990, Oct 13 | Earth-grazing fireball, a 40 kg asteroid passing 98 km above Czechoslovakia and Poland with 41.5 km/s. Ref: - P. Spurný, Z. Ceplecha, J. Borovička, 1991, WGN, the Journal of the IMO, 19, 13, "Earth-grazing fireball: Czechoslovakia, Poland, October 13, 1990, 03h27m16sUT." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991JIMO...19...13S - J. Borovička, Z. Ceplecha, 1992, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 257, 323, "Earth-grazing fireball of October 13, 1990." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992A%26A...257..323B See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-grazing_fireball
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| 1990, Dec | A. Milani, M. Carpino, F. Marzari, 1990, Icarus, 88, 292, "Statistics of close approaches between asteroids and planets: project SPACEGUARD." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Icar...88..292M
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| 1991 | US Congresssional Statement 1991: "The House Committee on Science and Technology believes that it is imperative that the detection rate of Earth‐orbit‐crossing asteroids must be increased substantially, and that the means to destroy or alter the orbits of asteroids when they do threaten collisions should be defined and agreed upon internationally. The chances of the Earth being struck by a large asteroid are extremely small, but because the consequences of such a collision are extremely large, the Committee believes it is only prudent to assess the nature of the threat and prepare to deal with it." NASA Authorization Bill, 1991. The US Congress House Committee on Science and Technology used NASA Authorization Bill to direct NASA to study (1) a programme to increase detection rate of Earth-orbit-crossing asteroids addressing costs, schedule, technology and equipment (Spaceguard Survey Report); (2) systems and technologies to destroy or alter orbits of such asteroids if they should pose a danger to life on Earth (NEO Interception Workshop). See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/gov_cong_hearings_1.cfm
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| 1991 | The 5000th minor planet was numbered at the IAU Minor Planet Center, main-belt asteroid 5000 IAU (1987 QN7, H = 14.3 mag, D ≈ 5858 m), discovered on 23 August 1987 by Eleanor F. Helin (1932 – 2009) at Palomar Observatory (CA, USA). See: 1987 QN7 - JPL , 5000 IAU - SSA , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5000_IAU
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| 1991, Jan 18 | Asteroid 1991 BA (H = 28.7 mag, D ≈ 8 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.44 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.36 LD. [1991-01] See: 1991 BA - JPL , 1991 BA - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_BA Ref: - D. Steel, 1991, Nature, 354, 265, "Our asteroid-pelted planet". See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Natur.354..265S - J.V. Scotti, D.L. Rabinowitz, B.G. Marsden, 1991, Nature, 354, 287, "Near miss of the Earth by a small asteroid." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Natur.354..287S
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| 1991, Apr | D.L. Rabinowitz, 1991, Astronomical Journal, 101, 1518, "Detection of earth-approaching asteroids in near real time." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991AJ....101.1518R
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| 1991, Apr 8 | Asteroid 2012 UE34 (H = 23.1 mag, D ≈ 99 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.85 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.68 LD. [1991-02] See: 2012 UE34 - JPL , 2012 UE34 - SSA See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_UE34 See also: 8 Apr 2041.
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| 1991, Apr/May | Workshop on Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids (1), San Juan Capistrano (CA, USA). Proceedings: T. Gehrels, M.S. Matthews & A.M. Schumann (eds.), 1994, Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids (Tucson: Univ. Arizona Press). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994hdtc.conf.....G http://www.ips.gov.au/IPSHosted/neo/info/refers/Bk_Hazards_Gehrels.htm
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| 1991, May 7 | Benešov Bolide detected and observed at the Czech stations of the European Fireball Network on 7 May 1991, one of the brightest and best-documented bolides. Ref: - J. Borovicka, O.P. Popova, I.V. Nemtchinov, et al., 1998, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 334, 713, "Bolides produced by impacts of large meteoroids into the Earth's atmosphere: comparison of theory with observations. I. Benešov Bolide dynamics and fragmentation." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998A%26A...337..591B - N.G. Barri, V.P. Stulov, 2003, Solar System Research, 37, 302, "Peculiarities of the fragmentation of Benešov's Bolide." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003SoSyR..37..302B
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| 1991, Jun 24-28 | International conference on Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, IV, Flagstaff, (AZ, USA). Proceedings: A.W. Harris & E.L.G. Bowell (eds.), 1992, Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1991 (Houston: Lunar & Planetary Institute). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992acm..proc.....H
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| 1991, June 30 – Jul 3 Sep 24-25 Nov 5 | NASA International NEO Detection Workshops, (1st ) San Juan Capistrino Research Institute; (2nd ) NASA Ames Research Center; (3rd ) Palo Alto (CA, USA).
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| 1991, Aug | IAU XXI General Assembly, Buenos Aires (Argentina). Resolution by IAU Commission 20 on Positions and Motions of Asteroids, Comets and Satellites, under the presidency of Richard West, calling for an IAU Inter-Commission Working Group on Near Earth Objects (WG-NEO). See: http://spaceguard.iasf-roma.inaf.it/SGF/history.html
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| 1991, Sep | R.A.F. Grieve, 1991, Meteoritics, 26, 175, "Terrestrial impact – the record in the rocks." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Metic..26..175G
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| 1991, Sep | G.L. Verschuur, 1991, Astronomy, 19, No. 9, p. 50, "The end of civilization." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Ast....19...50V
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| 1991, Oct | S.J. Ostro, R.F. Jurgens, K.D. Rosema, R. Winkler, D.K. Yeomans, D.B. Campbell, J.F. Chandler, I.I. Shapiro, A.A. Hine, R. Velez, 1991, Astronomical Journal, 102, 1490, "Asteroid radar astrometry." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991AJ....102.1490O
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| 1991, Oct 10-11 | All-Union conference The Asteroid Hazard, St. Petersburg (Russian Federation). Proceedings in Russian.
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| 1991, Oct 29 | NASA spacecraft Galileo flew by asteroid 951 Gaspra (1916 S45, H = 11.6 mag, D = 18.2 × 10.5 × 8.9 km, main-belt asteroid) at a distance of 1600 km. See: 1916 S45 - JPL , 951 Gaspra - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/951_Gaspra Ref: - J. Veverka, M. Belton, K. Klaasen, C. Chapman, 1994, Icarus, 107, 2, "Galileo's encounter with 951 Gaspra: overview." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Icar..107....2V
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| 1991, Nov | G.L. Verschuur, 1991, Air and Space, vol. 6, Oct.-Nov. 1991, p. 88, "This target earth." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991AirSp...6...88V
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| 1991, Nov 28 | J.V. Scotti, D.L. Rabinowitz, B.G. Marsden, 1991, Nature, 354, 287, "Near miss of the earth by a small asteroid." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Natur.354..287S
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| 1991, Dec | S.J. Ostro, 1991, Meteoritics, 26, 381, "Radar constraints on asteroid metal abundances and meteorite associations." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Metic..26R.381O
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| 1991, Dec | A. Cellino, V. Zappalà, P. Farinella, 1991, Monthly Notices Royal Astronomical Society, 253, 561, "The size distribution of main-belt asteroids from IRAS data." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991MNRAS.253..561C The IRAS data base on asteroid albedos and diameters has been used to derive size distributions for a set of ~ 4000 numbered main-belt asteroids.
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| 1991, Dec | T. Gehrels, 1991, Space Science Reviews, 58, 347, "Scanning with charge-coupled devices." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991SSRv...58..347G
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| 1992 | E. Tollmann, A. Tollmann, 1992, Mitt. Österr. Geol. Ges., 84, 1, "The Flood Impact." On Tollmann's hypothetical bolide. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollmann's_hypothetical_bolide
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| 1992 | C. Sagan, 1992, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 48, 24, "Between enemies." See: http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Carl_Sagan
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| 1992, Jan | Workshop on Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids (2), Los Alamos (NM, USA). Proceedings: T. Gehrels, M.S. Matthews & A.M. Schumann (eds.), 1994, Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids (Tucson: Univ. Arizona Press). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994hdtc.conf.....G http://www.ips.gov.au/IPSHosted/neo/info/refers/Bk_Hazards_Gehrels.htm
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| 1992, Jan 10 | Asteroid 2016 AH164 (H = 29.7 mag, D ≈ 5 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.77 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.0089 LD (= 0.53 REarth from the geocenter). See: 2016 AH164- JPL , 2016 AH164- SSA See also: 12 Jan 2016.
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| 1992, Jan 14-16 | NASA NEO Interception Workshop, Los Alamos (NM, USA). Full investigation of counter-measures concluded that nuclear explosives in stand-off mode most likely to succeed. Proceedings: G. Canavan, J. Solem, D.G.Rather (eds.), 1993, LANL 12476-C. See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/downloads/spacesurvey.pdf http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994hdtc.conf...93C
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| 1992, Jan 25 | The Spaceguard Survey: Report of the NASA International NEO Detection Workshop, D. Morrison (ed.), 1992 (Washington DC: NASA). Delivered to US Congress. Recommends a search programme and international collaboration to find objects with D > 1 km; and the provision of six ground based telescopes, northern and southern hemisphere sites, southern hemisphere radar; half costs to come from international partners. See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/downloads/spacesurvey.pdf http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=59 http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=4 http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=24 http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=99 http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=109 http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=133 http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=143 http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=162 The term Spaceguard loosely refers to a number of efforts to discover and study NEOs. The British author Arthur C. Clarke (1917 – 2008) coined the name in his novel Rendezvous with Rama (London: Victor Gollancz, 1973) where Spaceguard was the name of an early warning system. The name was later adopted by a number of real life efforts to discover and study NEOs. The IAU Working Group on Near-Earth Objects (WG-NEO) presented a paper in September 1995 entitled Beginning the Spaceguard Survey, which led on 26 March 1996 to the international organization called the Spaceguard Foundation (SGF). See: http://spaceguard.iasf-roma.inaf.it/SGF/history.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceguard Ref: - A.W. Harris, 2008, Nature, 453, 1178, "What Spaceguard did." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.453.1178H
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| 1992, Apr | G.L. Verschuur, 1992, Astronomy, 20(4), 46, "Mysterious sungrazers." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Ast....20...46V
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| 1992, May | M. Pilkington, R.A.F. Grieve, 1992, Reviews of Geophysics, 30, 161, "The geophysical signature of terrestrial impact craters." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992RvGeo..30..161P
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| 1992, Jun | G.H. Canavan, J. Solem, May-June 1992, Mercury, 21(3), 107, "Interception of near-earth objects." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Mercu..21..107C
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| 1992, Jun | D. Morrison, 1992, Mercury, 21, 103, "The Spaceguard Survey – protecting the earth from cosmic impacts." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Mercu..21..103M
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| 1992, Jun 5 | Asteroid 2017 CH1, H = 17.9 mag, D ≈ 1103 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.69 LD. Minimum miss distance 3.39 LD. See: 2017 CH1 - JPL , 2017 CH1 - SSA
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| 1992, Jul 6-12 | International Conference on Meteoroids and their parent bodies, Smolenice (Slovakia). Proceedings: J. Stohl & I.P. Williams (eds.), 1993 (Bratislava: Astronomical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993mtpb.conf.....S
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| 1992, Jul 10 | ESA spacecraft Giotto flyby of comet Grigg-Skjellerup. Ref: - J.A.M. McDonnell, N. McBride, R. Beard, et al., 1993, Nature, 362, 732, "Dust particle impacts during the Giotto encounter with comet Grigg-Skjellerup." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.362..732M - S.M.P. McKenna-Lawlor, P.W. Daly, E. Kirsch, et al., 1993, Nature, "Energetic ions at comet Grigg-Skjellerup measured from the Giotto spacecraft." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.363..326M See also: http://hubble.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=15 http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Rosetta/SEMMA0YTVKG_0.html
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| 1992, Aug 7 | R.P. Binzel, S. Xu, S.J. Bus, E. Bowell, 1992, Science, 257, 779, "Origins for the Near-Earth Asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Sci...257..779B
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| 1992, Aug 17 | Asteroid 2017 WN28, H = 19.8 mag, D ≈ 464 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 5.36 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.28 LD. See: 2017 WN28 - JPL , 2017 WN28 - SSA
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| 1992, Sep | Z. Ceplecha, 1992, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 263, 361, "Influx of interplanetary bodies onto earth." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992A%26A...263..361C
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| 1992, Oct 9 | Peekskill Fireball and Meteorite. A fireball was seen streaking across the sky from Kentucky to New York. At least 14 people captured part of the fireball on videotape. A 12-kilogram stony meteorite (chondrite) from the fireball fell in Peekskill (NY, USA), smashed the trunk of a parked automobile and came to rest beneath it. Ref: - Z. Ceplecha, P. Brown, R.L. Hawkes, 1994, Meteoritics, 29, 455, "Video observations of the Peekskill meteorite fireball: atmospheric trajectory and orbit." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Metic..29Q.455C - P. Brown, Z. Ceplecha, R.L. Hawkes, et al., 1994, Nature, 367, 624, "The orbit and atmospheric trajectory of the Peekskill meteorite from video records." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.367..624B See also: http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/solar_system_level2/peekskill.html http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/meteors/impacts.html http://uregina.ca/~astro/mb_5.html http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/1535-when-space-attacks-6-craziest-meteor-impacts-history.html http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap021118.html http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap061119.html http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap110123.html
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| 1992, Nov 23 | J. Impocco, J.F. Podevin, 1992, Newsweek, 23 November 1992, Vol. 120, No. 21, "Doomsday science - New theories about comets, asteroids and how the world might end." See: http://www.amazon.com/Newsweek-November-DOOMSDAY-THEORIES-ASTEROIDS/dp/B0054K8T0E
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| 1992, Dec 3 | T.J. Ahrens, A.W. Harris, 1992, Nature, 360, 429, "Deflection and fragmentation of near-Earth asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Natur.360..429A
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| 1992, Dec 8 | Asteroid 4179 Toutatis (1989 AC, H = 15.3 mag, D = 4.6×2.4×1.9 km, orbital P = 4.03 yr, PHA) passed Earth at 9.40 LD. Minimum miss distance 9.40 LD. It is the largest known PHA. See: 1989 AC - JPL , 4179 Toutatis - SSA Ref: - R.S. Hudson, S.J. Ostro, D.J. Scheeres, 2003, Icarus, 161, 346, "High-resolution model of asteroid 4179 Toutatis." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Icar..161..346H See also: http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2000/ast31oct_1/ http://newton.dm.unipi.it/neodys/index.php?pc=1.1.8&n=Toutatis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4179_Toutatis See also: 30 Nov 1996, 31 Oct 2000, 29 Sep 2004, 9 Nov 2008, 12 Dec 2012, 5 Nov 2069.
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| 1993 | NASA Planetary Astronomy Program Office begins ramp up of funding for NEO observations.
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| 1993 | Major L.N. Johnson, 1993, White Paper, presented to SPACECAST 2020, "Preparing for Planetary Defense: detection and interception of asteroids on collision course with Earth." In this paper the term Planetary Defense was coined. See: http://csat.au.af.mil/2020/index.htm http://www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/usaf/2020/app-r.htm
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| 1993 | Photographic asteroid and comet search project started by Timothy B. Spahr and C. Hergenrother (LPL, Univ. of Arizona). This project eventually evolved into the Catalina Sky Survey in 1998. Ref: - T.B. Spahr, C. Hergenrother, S.M. Larson, 1993, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 25, 1059, "High ecliptic latitude asteroid and comet search." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993DPS....25.1013S
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| 1993 | Arthur C. Clarke (1917-2008, UK/Sri Lanka), 1993, The Hammer of God (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd). See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hammer_of_God
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| 1993 | R.A.F. Grieve, 1993, Vistas in Astronomy, 36, 203, "Impact craters: lessons from and for the Earth." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993VA.....36..203G
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| 1993 | F.E. Wickman, 1993, Swedish Geol. Journal, 115, 29, "Eight pound ball fell on the ship and killed two boatsmen." An eight-pound meteorite hit the Dutch VOC ship Malacca, sailing from Holland to Batavia (Java, Netherlands-Indies) in 1648, allegedly killing two sailors. Story based on book Reesa till Ostindien jempte een kort berättelse om konungerijket Japan (1674) by 17th century Swedish historian-turned sailor Olof Eriksson Willman, who travelled the Netherlands-Indies in 1647 – 1653. See also: http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof_Eriksson_Willman
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| 1993, Jan 7 | C.F. Chyba, P.J. Thomas, K.J. Zahnle, 1993, Nature, 361, 40, "The 1908 Tunguska explosion: atmospheric disruption of a stony asteroid." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.361...40C
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| 1993, Jan 7-12 | Workshop on Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids (3), Tucson (AZ, USA). Proceedings: T. Gehrels, M.S. Matthews & A.M. Schumann (eds.), 1994, Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids (Tucson: Univ. Arizona Press). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994hdtc.conf.....G http://www.ips.gov.au/IPSHosted/neo/info/refers/Bk_Hazards_Gehrels.htm
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| 1993, Jan 19 | Lugo Fireball and Airburst (Northern, Italy). See: http://www.ta3.sk/caosp/Eedition/FullTexts/vol24/pp117-124.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts
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| 1993, Feb | P. Farinella, R. Gonczi, Ch. Froeschlé, C. Froeschlé, 1993, Icarus, 101, 174, "The injection of asteroid fragments into resonances." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Icar..101..174F
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| 1993, Mar | J.G. Hills, M.P. Goda, 1993, Astronomical Journal, 105, 1114, "The fragmentation of small asteroids in the atmosphere." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993AJ....105.1114H
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| 1993, Mar | European Science Foundation (ESF) initiates new scientific network "Impact Cratering and Evolution of Planet Earth." This led to the submission of a Research Networking Programme proposal in 1998, "Response of the Earth System to Impact Processes (IMPACT)", approved for five years, 1998 to 2002. Four workshops were held in 2002 – 2003." See: http://www.esf.org/impact
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| 1993, Mar 24 | U.S. Congressional Hearing on NEOs and Planetary Defense: "The Threat of Large Earth-Orbit Crossing Asteroids." See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/gov_earthasteroids_1.cfm
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| 1993, Apr | D.L. Rabinowitz, 1993, Astrophysical Journal, 407, 412, "The size distribution of the Earth-approaching asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ApJ...407..412R
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| 1993, Apr | J.C. Solem, 1993, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 30 (2), 222, "Interception of comets and asteroids on collision course with Earth." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JSpRo..30..222S
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| 1993, May | Workshop on Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids (4), Erice (Italy). Proceedings: T. Gehrels, M.S. Matthews & A.M. Schumann (eds.), 1994, Hazards due to Comets and Asteroids (Tucson: Univ. Arizona Press). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994hdtc.conf.....G http://www.ips.gov.au/IPSHosted/neo/info/refers/Bk_Hazards_Gehrels.htm
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| 1993, May 20 | Asteroid 1993 KA2 (H = 29.0 mag, D ≈ 7 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.39 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.39 LD. [1993-01] See: 1993 KA2 - JPL , 1993 KA2 - SSA
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| 1993, Jun 14-18 | IAU Symposium No. 160 on Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, V, Belgirate (Italy). Proceedings: A. Milani, M. Di Martino & A. Cellino (eds.), 1994, Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1993 (Dordrecht: Kluwer). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994IAUS..160.....M
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| 1993, Jun 24 | C.F. Chyba, 1993, Nature, 363, 701, "Explosions of small Spacewatch objects in the Earth's atmosphere." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.363..701C
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| 1993, Jun 24 | D.L. Rabinowitz, T. Gehrels, J.V. Scotti, et al., 1993, Nature, 363, 704, "Evidence for a near-Earth asteroid belt." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.363..704R
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| 1993, Jul | D. Morrison, 1993, in: Proc. IAF 43rd International Astronautical Congress, Washington DC (USA), 28 August – 5 September 1992, Acta Astronautica, 30, 11, "An international program to protect the earth from impact catastrophe: Initial steps." See: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/009457659390095E
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| 1993, Aug 17 | Tom Gehrels' Vainu Bappu Lecture, presented to the 6th Asian-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting, 16-20 August, Pune (India). Ref.: T. Gehrels, 1995, J. Astrophys. Astr. Suppl., 16, 1, "The beauty and danger of comets and asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JApAS..16....1G
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| 1993, Aug 28 | NASA spacecraft Galileo flew by asteroid 243 Ida (H = 9.94 mag, D = 59.8 × 25.4 × 18.6 km, main-belt asteroid) at a distance of 10,300 km, and discovered binary component Dactyl (D = 1.4 km), orbiting Ida at a distance of 56 km. See: 243 Ida - JPL , 243 Ida - SSA , Ref: - E. Asphaug, 2004, in: M.J.S. Belton, et al. (eds.), Mitigation of Hazardous Comets and Asteroids (Cambridge: CUP), p. 66, "Interior structures for asteroids and cometary nuclei". See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004mhca.conf...66A See also: http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/cruise/ida/ida.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/243_Ida
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| 1993, Nov | P. Farinella, B. Chauvineau, 1993, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 279, 251, "On the evolution of binary Earth-approaching asteriods." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993A%26A...279..251F
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| 1993, Nov | Z. Ceplecha, P. Spurný, J. Borovićka, J. Keclíková, 1993, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 279, 615, "Atmospheric fragmentation of meteoroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993A%26A...279..615C
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| 1993, Nov 4 | H.J. Melosh, I.V. Nemchinov, 1993, Nature, 366, 21, "Solar asteroid diversion." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.366...21M
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| 1993, Dec | D.J. Asher, S.V.M. Clube, 1993, Quarterly Journal Royal Astronomical Society, 34, 481, "An extraterrestrial influence during the current Glacial-Interglacial." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993QJRAS..34..481A
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| 1994 | T. Gehrels, M.S. Matthews & A.M. Schumann (eds.), 1994, Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids (Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press). Proceedings of four Workshops in April/May 1991, January 1992, January 1993, and May 1993. See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994hdtc.conf.....G http://ips.gov.au/IPSHosted/neo/info/refers/Bk_Hazards_Gehrels.htm
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| 1994 | R.Z. Akhmetshin, V.V. Ivashkin, V.V. Smirnov, 1994, Astronomicheskij Vestnik, 28, 13, "An analysis of the possibility of asteroid hazard mitigation for the Earth by the impact of a spacecraft." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994AVest..28...13A
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| 1994 | D.J. Asher, S.V.M. Clube, W.M. Napier, D.I. Steel, 1994, Vistas in Astronomy, 38, 1, "Coherent catastrophism." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994VA.....38....1A
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| 1994 | E. Kristan-Tollmann, A. Tolmann, 1994, Terra Nova, 6, 209, "The youngest big impact on Earth deduced from geological and historical evidence." See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollmann's_hypothetical_bolide
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| 1994 | A. Deutsch, C. Koeberl, J.D. Blum, et al., 1994, Terra Nova, 6, 644, "The impact-flood connection: does it exist?" See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollmann's_hypothetical_bolide
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| 1994, Jan | A.W. Harris, 1994, Icarus, 107, 209, "Tumbling asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Icar..107..209H
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| 1994, Jan 6 | C.R. Chapman, D.D. Morrison, 1994, Nature, 367, 33, "Impacts on the Earth by asteroids and comets: assessing the hazard." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.367...33C
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| 1994, Jan 18 | Cando Fireball and Airburst (Spain). See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts
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| 1994, Feb | P. Spurný, 1994, Planetary and Space Science, 42, 157, "Recent fireballs photographed in central Europe." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994P%26SS...42..157S
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| 1994, Feb | US Congress House Committee on Science and Technology passed an amendment to NASA Authorization Bill directing NASA to report within a year with a programme to identify and catalogue, with help from the Department of Defense and space agencies of other countries, within 10 year, orbital characteristics of all comets and asteroids with D > 1 km and in an orbit that crosses Earth’s. See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/gov_cong_hearings_1.cfm
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| 1994, Feb 1 | Marshall Islands Fireball and Airbursts. A large meteoroid impacted over the Pacific Ocean at 2.6° N, 164.1° E, 300 km south of Kosrae (Micronesia). The impact was observed by space-based infrared sensors operated by the U.S. Department of Defense and by visible wavelength sensors operated by the U.S. Department of Energy. During entry the object broke into several pieces, one of which detonated at 34 km and another at 21 km altitude. M ≈ 1.6×105 kg - 4.4×106 kg; D ≈ 4.4 - 13.5 m. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts Ref: - E. Tagliaferri, R. Spalding, C. Jacobs, Z. Ceplecha, 1995, Earth, Moon, and Planets, 68, 563, "Analysis of the Marshall Island Fireball of February 1, 1994." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995EM%26P...68..563T - T.B. McCord, J. Morris, D. Persong, et al., 1995, Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, E2, 3245, "Detection of a meteoroid entry into the Earth's atmosphere on February 1, 1994." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JGR...100.3245M - E. Tagliaferri, 1998, Mercury, 27, no.6, p.18, "Observation of meteoroid impacts by space-based sensors." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Mercu..27f..18T
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| 1994, Mar 15 | Asteroid 1994 ES1 (H = 28.6 mag, D ≈ 8 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.44 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.44 LD. [1994-01] See: 1994 ES1 - JPL , 1994 ES1 - SSA
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| 1994, Apr 7 | C. Sagan, S.J. Ostro, 1994, Nature, 368, 501, "Dangers of asteroid deflection." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.368..501S
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| 1994, May 18 | Asteroid 2017 KJ32 (H = 28.9 mag, D ≈ 7 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 7.10 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.27 LD. See: 2017 KJ32 - JPL , 2017 KJ32 - SSA See also: 21 May 2042.
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| 1994, Jun | Z. Ceplecha, 1994, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 286, 967, "Impacts of meteoroids larger than 1 M into the Earth's atmosphere." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A%26A...286..967C
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| 1994, Jun 14 | St-Robert Daylight Fireball and Meteorite Fall over the Canada-US border, travelling at a velocity of ~13 km/s, widely seen from the provinces of Quebec and Ontario and the states of New Hampshire, Vermont and New York at distances up to ~500 km. The rock fragmented spectacularly ~50 km NE of Montreal at an altitude of ~36 km; hundreds of fragments have been found with pieces of up to 6.5 kg. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St-Robert_meteorite Ref: - P. Brown, A.R. Hildebrand, D.W. Green, et al., 1996, Meteoritics, 31, 502, "The fall of the St-Robert meteorite." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996M%26PS...31..502B - A.R. Hildebrand, P.G. Brown, J.F. Wacker, et al., 1997, Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 91, 261, "The St-Robert Bolide of June 14, 1994." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JRASC..91..261H
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| 1994, Jun 30 | H.J. Melosh, E.A. Whitaker, 1994, Nature, 369, 713, "Lunar crater chains." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.369..713M
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| 1994, Summer | C. Sagan, S.J. Ostro, 1994, Issues in Science and Technology, Summer 1994, 67, "Long-range consequences of interplanetary collisions." See: http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/handle/2014/33108
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| 1994, Jul | W.F. Bottke, M.C. Nolan, R. Greenberg, 1994, Meteoritics, 29, 446, "Provenance of the spacewatch small Earth-approaching asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Metic..29S.446B
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| 1994, Jul 16-22 | Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 collides with Jupiter. Some 21 cometary fragments with diameters up to ~ 2 km caused massive explosions, temporarily visible on the surface of Jupiter. Ref: - H.A. Weaver, P.D. Feldman, M.F. A'Hearn, et al., 1994, Science, 263, 787, "Hubble Space Telescope observations of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1993e)." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Sci...263..787W - K. Zahnle, M.-M. Mac Low, 1994, Icarus, 108,1, "The collision of Jupiter and comet Shoemaker-Levy 9." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Icar..108....1Z - M.-M. Mac Low, K. Zahnle, 1994, Astrophysical Journal, 434, 33, "Explosion of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on entry into the Jovian atmosphere." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994ApJ...434L..33M - G. Orton, M. A'Hearn, K. Baines, et al., 1995, Science, 267, 1277, "Collision of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter observed by the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...267.1277O - H.A. Weaver, M.F. A'Hearn, C. Arpigny, et al., 1995, Science, 267, 1282, "The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observing campaign on comet Shoemaker- Levy 9." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...267.1282W - D.H. Levy, E.M. Shoemaker, C.S. Shoemaker, 1995, Scientific American, 273, 68, "Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 meets Jupiter." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995SciAm.273...68L - D.H. Levy, 1995, Impact Jupiter: the crash of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (New York: Plenum Press). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ijcc.book.....L - J.K. Beatty, D.H. Levy, 1995, Sky & Telescope, 90, 18, "Crashes to ashes: a comet's demise." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995S%26T....90...18B - K.S. Noll, H.A. Weaver & P.D. Feldman (eds.), 2006, The impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter, Proc. IAU Coll. No. 156, Baltimore (MD, USA) 9-12 May 1995, STScI Symposium Series No. 9 (Cambridge: CUP, ISBN-0521-03162-1). See: http://www.iau.org/science/publications/iau/ See also: http://www.stsci.edu/institute/conference/jupiter-impact http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mark-boslough/unforgettable-shoemakerle_b_2946407.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker-Levy_9
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| 1994, Aug | W. Tedeschi, E. Teller, 1994, Space Policy, 10, 183, "A plan for worldwide protection against asteroid impacts." See: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0265964694900671
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| 1994, Aug 8-12 | Meeting on Small Bodies in the Solar System and their interactions with the planets, Mariehamn (Finland), 8 - 12 August 1994. Proc: H. Rickman, M.J. Valtonen (eds.), 1996, Earth, Moon, Planets, 72, No. 1 - 3, "Worlds in interaction: small bodies and planets of the solar system." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996EM%26P...72.....R
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| 1994, Aug 20 | IAU XXII General Assembly, Den Haag (the Netherlands). The IAU Working Group on Near Earth Objects, chaired by Andrea Carusi, had a science meeting, and presented a report recommending that an international authority should take responsibility for NEO investigations and initiatives. Ref: - I. Appenzeller (ed.), 1996, Transactions IAU XXIIB, (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ.), IAU Commission 20 Report, p. 164, "Working Group Meeting 2 on Near-Earth Object Detection." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996IAUTB..22.....A - J. Tate, 2000, Space Policy, 16, 261, "Avoiding collisions: the Spaceguard Foundation." See: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265964600000369 See also: http://spaceguard.iasf-roma.inaf.it/SGF/history.html
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| 1994, Sep 22 | P. Farinella, Ch. Froeschlé, C. Froeschlé, R. Gonczi, G. Hahn, A. Morbidelli, G.B. Valsecchi, 1994, Nature, 371, 314, "Asteroids falling into the Sun." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.371..315F
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| 1994, Sep 26-30 | 1st International Conference on Space Protection of the Earth (SPE-94), Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation. See: http://www.boulder.swri.edu/clark/ncarhist.html
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| 1994, Oct | D.L. Rabinowitz, 1994, Icarus, 111, 364, "The size and shape of the near-Earth asteroid belt." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Icar..111..364R
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| 1994, Nov | K. Yau, P. Weissman, D. Yeomans, 1994, Meteoritics, 29, 864, "Meteorite falls in China and some related human casualty events." In February-March of the year 1490 a barrage of stones of 1 – 1.5 kg fell like rain in the Chíng-yang district of Shansi Province (China), killing more than 10,000 people. See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Metic..29..864Y See also: http://www.mail-archive.com/meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com/msg80757.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_event
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| 1994, Nov 24 | Asteroid 1994 WR12 (H = 22.3 mag, D ≈ 149 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.85 LD. Minimum miss distance 1.85 LD. See: 1994 WR12 - JPL , 1994 WR12 - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_WR12 See also: 25 Nov 2046.
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| 1994, Dec | C. Covey, S.L. Thompson, P.R. Weissman, et al., 1994, Global and Planetary Change, 9, 263, "Global climatic effects of atmospheric dust from an asteroid or comet impact on Earth." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994GPC.....9..263C
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| 1994, Dec | K. Keil, H. Haack, E.R.D. Scott, 1994, Planetary and Space Science, 42, 1109, "Catastrophic fragmentation of asteroids: evidence from meteorites." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994P%26SS...42.1109K
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| 1994, Dec | K.O. Pope, K.H. Baines, A.C. Ocampo, B.A. Ivanov, 1994, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 128, 719, "Impact winter and the Cretaceous/Tertiary extinctions: results of a Chicxulub asteroid impact model." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994E%26PSL.128..719P
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| 1994, Dec 9 | Asteroid 1994 XM1 (H = 28.2 mag, D ≈ 10 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 0.27 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.27 LD. [1994-02] See: 1994 XM1 - JPL , 1994 XM1 SSA See also: http://spacewatch.lpl.arizona.edu/pics.html http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=96 http://www.rssd.esa.int/index.php?project=GAIA&page=picture_of_the_week&pow=5
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| 1994, Dec 17 | S. Rozendaal, 1994, Elsevier, 17 december 1994, "De catastrophe. Waarom de dino's uitstierven en de mens ontstond."
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| 1995 | D. Steel, 1995, Rogue Asteroids and Doomsday Comets: the Search for the Million Megaton Menace that Threatens Life on Earth (New York: Wiley). With a foreword by Arthur C. Clarke. See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995radc.book.....S Review: D. Morrison, 1997, Physics Today, 50, 65. See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PhT....50Q..65M
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| 1995 | The (1.0/1.2m) Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program (SCAP) of the Beijing Astronomical Observatory put in practice, a NEO search telescope in operation at the Xuyu Station of the Purple Mountain Observatory, 120 km north of Nanjing (China). Ref: - Y. Ma, H. Zhao, D. Yao, 2007, in: A. Milani, G.B. Valsecchi & D. Vokrouhlický (eds.), Proc. IAU Symposium No. 236 on Near Earth Objects, our Celestial Neighbors: Opportunity and Risk, Prague (Czech Republic), 14-18 August 2006 (Cambridge: CUP), p. 381, "NEO search telescope in China." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997IAUJD...6E..24Z
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| 1995 | SPACECAST 2020, "Preparing for planetary defense: detection and interception of asteroids on collision course with Earth." See: http://csat.au.af.mil/2020/papers/app-r.pdf
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| 1995 | D.I. Steel, R.H. McNaught, C.J. Garradd, et al., 1995, in: J. Chapman, R. Cannon & B. Hidayat (eds.), Proc. IAU Colloquium No. 148 on The Future Utilisation of Schmidt Telescopes, Bandung (Indonesia), 7-11 March 1994, ASP Conf. Series, 84, 159, "Searching for Near-Earth Asteroids with the UK Schmidt telescope at the AAO." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ASPC...84..159S
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| 1995, Jan | J.G. Hills, P.J.T. Leonard, 1995, Astronomical Journal, 109, 401, "Earth-crossing asteroids: the last days before earth impact." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995AJ....109..401H
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| 1995, Jan | K. Muionen, E. Bowell, K. Lumme, 1995, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 293, 948, "Interrelating asteroid size, albedo, and magnitude distributions." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995A%26A...293..948M
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| 1995, Jan | Hanover Fireball (Germany). See: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap960226.html
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| 1995, Mar | S. Mottola, G. de Angelis, M. di Martino, et al., 1995, in: Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 26, 1003, "The EUNEASO photometric follow-up program." See http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995LPI....26.1003M
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| 1995, Apr | R.P. Binzel, 1995, Planetary Report, 15, no. 2, p. 8, "Near-Earth objects: friends or foes?" See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995PlR....15b...8B
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| 1995, Apr | D.I. Steel, 1995, Monthly Notices Royal Astronomical Society, 273, 1091, "Collisions in the Solar System. VI. Terrestrial impact probabilities for the known asteroid population." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995MNRAS.273.1091S
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| 1995, Apr 24-26 | United Nations international conference on Near Earth Objects. Proceedings: J.L. Remo (ed.), 1997, Near-Earth Objects: the United Nations International Conference, Annals New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 822 (New York: NY Academy of Sciences). See: http://neutrino.aquaphoenix.com/un-esa/neo.html http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119150668/issue
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| 1995, May 22-26 | Planetary Defense Workshop: An International Technical Meeting on Active Defense of the Terrestrial Biosphere from Impacts by Large Asteroids and Comets, Livermore (CA, USA). Proceedings: LLNL CONF-9505266. Report by Peter Tyson. See: https://str.llnl.gov/str/News895.html
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| 1995, Jun | D. Steel, 1995, The Observatory, 115, 136, "Tunguska and the Kagarlyk meteorite." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Obs...115..136S
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| 1995, Jun | Report of the NASA Near Earth Objects Survey Working Group, E.M Shoemaker (ed.), 1995 (Washington DC: NASA Office of Space Science, Solar System Exploration Office). Released with a programme to meet Congress’ requirements, delivered to Congress 9 Aug 1995. Recommends NASA, USAF and international collaboration to provide two dedicated 2-m discovery telescopes, use of two existing 1 m telescopes for survey and follow-up, enhanced funding to obtain roughly half time on a 3 – 4 m telescopes for physical observation, and Minor Planet Center enhancements. See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/downloads/neosurvey.pdf http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=94
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| 1995, Jun 24 | Asteroid 170086 (2002 XR14, H = 17.9 mag, D ≈ 1093 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.26 LD. Minimum miss distance 4.26 LD. See: 2002 XR14 - JPL , 2002 XR14 - SSA
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| 1995, Jul | V.V. Svetsov, E.V. Nemtchinov, A.V. Teterev, 1995, Icarus, 116, 131, " Disintegration of large meteoroids in Earth's atmosphere: theoretical models." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Icar..116..131S
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| 1995, Aug | S.I. Ipatov, 1995, Solar System Research, 29, 261, "Migration of small bodies to Earth." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995SoSyR..29..261I
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| 1995, Aug | D. Steel, 1995, Proceedings Astronomical Society of Australia, 12 (2), 202, "Asteroid discovery efficiencies for telescope systems at Siding Spring." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995PASA...12..202S
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| 1995, Sep | Ch. Froeschlé, G. Hahn, R. Gonczi, et al., 1995, Icarus, 117, 45, "Secular resonances and the dynamics of Mars-crossing and Near-Earth asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Icar..117...45F
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| 1995, Sep | M. Beech, D. Steel, 1995, Quarterly Journal Royal Astronomical Society, 3, 281, "On the definition of the term Meteoroid." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995QJRAS..36..281B
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| 1995, Sep | R.P. Binzel, 1995, Meteoritics, 30, 486, "Forging new links in the asteroid-meteorite connection." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Metic..30Q.486B
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| 1995, Sep | P. Hammerling, J.L. Remo, 1995, Acta Astronautica, 36, 337, "NEO interaction with nuclear radiation." See: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0094576595001115
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| 1995, Sep | D.A. Kring, H.J. Melosh, D.M. Hunten, 1995, Meteoritics, 30(5), 530, "Possible climatic perturbations produced by impacting asteroids and comets." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Metic..30T.530K
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| 1995, Sep | S. Mottola, G. de Angelis, M. di Martino, 1995, Icarus, 117, 62, "The Near-Earth Objects follow-up program: first results." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Icar..117...62M
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| 1995, Sep | C. Koeberl, W.U. Reimold, D. Brandt, C.W. Poag, 1995, Meteoritics, 30(5), 528, "Chesapeake Bay crater, Virginia: confirmation of impact origin." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Metic..30R.528K
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| 1995, Sep | American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) position paper Responding to the Potential Threat of a Near-Earth-Object Impact, prepared by its Space Systems Technical Committee and its Systems Engineering Technical Committee. See: http://pdf.aiaa.org/downloads/publicpolicypositionpapers/NearEarth-1995.pdf
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| 1995, Sep 18-22 | IAU Working Group on Near Earth Objects Workshop, Vulcano (Italy), Beginning the Spaceguard Survey. The Workshop participants agreed to set up a Spaceguard Foundation, which materialized on 26 September 1996, in Rome. The Spaceguard Central Node (SCN), hosted by ESA at ESRIN (Frascati, Italy) is a web site of The Spaceguard Foundation. Since 2002, the SCN is supporting ESA’s Science Programme in all issues related to NEOs. Ref: - J. Tate, 2000, Space Policy, 16, 261, "Avoiding collisions: the Spaceguard Foundation." See: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265964600000369 See also: http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/~marsden/SGF/Vulcano/programme.ps http://spaceguard.iasf-roma.inaf.it/SGF/history.html http://www.esa.int/esaMI/NEO/SEMS58OVGJE_0.html
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| 1995, Oct | D. Morrison, 1995, Astronomy, 23, No. 10, p. 34, "Target: Earth!" See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Ast....23...34M
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| 1995, Nov | D. Steel, 1995, Australian Journal of Astronomy, 6 (3), 87, "The death of the dinosaurs and protection of humankind from asteroid impacts: the first suggestion?" See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995AuJA....6...87S
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| 1995, Dec | B.J. Gladman, J.A. Burns, M.J. Duncan, H.F. Levison, 1995, Icarus, 118, 302, "The dynamical evolution of lunar impact ejecta.." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Icar..118..302G
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| 1995, Dec | D. Steel, 1995, WGN, Journal of the International Meteor Organization, 23, 207, "Two "Tunguskas" in South America in the 1930's?" See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JIMO...23..207S
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| 1995, Dec | Near Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) program run by NASA and JPL to discover NEOs, from December 1995 to April 2007. The project employed two telescopes, on Maui (1m GEODSS telescope, HI, USA) and Mt. Palomar (1.2m Schmidt, CA, USA). Ref: - S.H. Pravdo, D.L. Rabinowitz, E.F. Helin, et al., 1999, Astronomical Journal, 117, 1616, "The Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) program: an automated system for telescope control, wide-field imaging, and object detection." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999AJ....117.1616P - E.F Helin, S.H. Pravdo, D.L. Rabinowitz, K.J. Lawrence, 1997, in: J.L. Remo (ed.), Proc. Near-Earth Objects: the United Nations International Conference, New York (NY, USA), 24-26 April 1995, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 822, 6, "Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) Program." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997NYASA.822....6H See also: http://neat.jpl.nasa.gov http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/geodss.htm
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| 1996 | W.F. Bottke, M.C. Nolan, H.J. Melosh, 1996, in: T.W. Rettig & J.M. Hahn (eds.), Completing the inventory of the Solar System, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Proceedings, 107, 3, "Provenance of the Spacewatch Small Earth--Approaching Asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ASPC..107....3B
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| 1996 | V. Clube, B. Napier, 1996, Catastrophes and comets. The destroyers of cosmic faith, (Singapore: World Scientific). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ccdc.book.....C
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| 1996 | D.W. Cox, J.H. Chestek, 1996, Doomsday asteroid: can we survive? (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996QB377.C69......
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| 1996 | P. Farinella, 1996, Meteorite, 2, 8, "Chaotic routes between the asteroid belt and Earth." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Met.....2....8F
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| 1996 | S. Hawking, 1996, Life in the Universe. See: http://hawking.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65
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| 1996 | G.L. Verschuur, 1996, Impact! The Threat of Comets and Asteroids (Oxford: OUP). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996itca.book.....V
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| 1996, Jan | T.H. Burbine, R.P. Binzel, S.J. Bus, J.M. Sunshine, 1996, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 31, A24, "Spectroscopy of Near-Earth Asteroids: new results." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996M%26PSA..31R..24B
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| 1996, Jan 11-14 | Fifth United Nations/European Space Agency Workshop on Basic Space Science: From Small Telescopes to Space Missions, hosted by the Arthur C. Clarke Center for Modern Technology on behalf of the Government of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Report (A/AC.105/640, 14 May 1996) resolves that an international network of telescopes under UN aegis is needed for NEO searching and tracking. See: http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/reports/ac105/AC105_640E.pdf
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| 1996, Feb | S.V.M. Clube, 1996, Earth, Moon and Planets, 72, 433, "Evolution, punctuational crises and the threat to civilization." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996EM%26P...72..433C
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| 1996, Feb | T. Gehrels, R. Jedicke, 1996, Earth, Moon, and Planets, 72, 233, "The population of near-Earth objects discovered by Spacewatch." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996EM%26P...72..233G See also: http://spacewatch.lpl.arizona.edu/
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| 1996, Feb | R.A.F. Grieve, L.J. Pesonen, 1996, Earth, Moon and Planets, 72, 357, "Terrestrial impact craters: their spatial and temporal distribution and impacting bodies." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996EM%26P...72..357G
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| 1996, Feb | R. Jedicke, 1996, Astronomical Journal, 111, 970, "Detection of Near Earth Asteroids based upon their rates of motion." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AJ....111..970J
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| 1996, Feb | M. Menichella, P. Paolicchi, P. Farinella, 1996, Earth, Moon and Planets, 72, 133, "The Main Belt as a source of Near-Earth Asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996EM%26P...72..133M
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| 1996, Feb | P. Michel, Ch. Froeschlé, P. Farinella, 1996, Earth, Moon, and Planets, 72, 151, "Dynamical evolution of NEAs: close encounters, secular perturbations and resonances." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996EM%26P...72..151M
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| 1996, Feb | J. Remo, 1996, Space Policy, 12, 13, "Policy perspectives from the UN international conference on near-Earth objects." See: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0265964695000348
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| 1996, Feb 17 | Launch of NASA spacecraft Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous – Shoemaker (NEAR – Shoemaker), a mission to rendezvous with near-Earth asteroid 433 Eros (1898 DQ, H = 11.16 mag, D = 34.4 × 11.2× 11.2 km, orbital P = 1.76 yr) on 12 February 2001. See: http://near.jhuapl.edu/media/NEAR_fact_sheet.pdf
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| 1996, Mar | M. Boslough, 1996, Skeptical Inquirer, Vol. 20.2, March/April 1996, "Scientific knowledge is money in the bank." See: http://www.csicop.org/si/show/scientific_knowledge_is_money_in_the_bank
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| 1996, Mar | T. Gehrels, 1996, Scientific American, 274, 34, "Collisions with comets and asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996SciAm.274c..34G
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| 1996, Mar | I. Halliday, A.A. Griffin, A.T. Blackwell, 1996, Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 31, 185, "Detailed data for 259 fireballs from the Canadian camera network and inferences concerning the influx of large meteoroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996M%26PS...31..185H
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| 1996, Mar | A.W. Harris, 1996, Lunar and Planetary Institute Science Conference Abstracts, 27, 493, "The rotation rates of very small asteroids: evidence for 'Rubble Pile' structure." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996LPI....27..493H
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| 1996, Mar | J.C. Solem, J.G. Hills, 1996, Astronomical Journal, 111, 1382, "Shaping of Earth-crossing asteroids by tidal forces." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AJ....111.1382S
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| 1996, Mar 1 | C. Koeberl, C.W. Poag, W.U. Reimold, D. Brandt, 1996, Science, 271, 1263, "Impact origin of the Chesapeake Bay structure and the source of the North American tektites." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Sci...271.1263K
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| 1996, Mar 20 | Presentation by Adriane C. Ocampo at the 27th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 18 – 22 March 1996 in Houston (TX, USA) on a chain of impact craters in Chad suggested by space-borne radar images, possibly caused by a large, fragmented comet or asteroid similar to the Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet that slammed into Jupiter in 1994. The craters were discovered in radar images of the Earth taken by the Spaceborne Imaging Radar C/X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) that flew on the Space Shuttle Endeavour in April and October of 1994. Ref: - A.C. Campo, K.O., Pope, 1996, Lunar and Planetary Science, 27, 977, "Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-C) images reveal multiple impact craters at Aorounga, Northern Chad." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996LPI....27..977O http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=81
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| 1996, Mar 20 | Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (Strasbourg, France), Resolution 1080: "On the detection of asteroids and comets potentially dangerous to mankind", invited governments of member states and the European Space Agency (ESA) to give the necessary support to an international program to detect NEOs that are potentially dangerous to mankind and to develop a strategy for remedies against possible impacts. See: http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~marsden/SGF/resol.html http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=82
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| 1996, Mar 26 | Inauguration of the Spaceguard Foundation (SGF), Rome (Italy), founded by E. Shoemaker, D. Steel, A. Carusi and the IAU WG-NEO. The SGF is located at the ESA Centre for Earth Observations (ESRIN) in Frascati (Italy). See: http://spaceguard.iasf-roma.inaf.it/SGF/history.html http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~marsden/SGF/
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| 1996, Apr | T. Gehrels, 1996, The Observatory, 116, 104, " Dinosauritis." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Obs...116..104G
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| 1996, Apr | P. Michel, P. Farinella, Ch. Froeschlé, 1996, Nature, 380, 689, "The orbital evolution of the asteroid Eros and implications for collision with the Earth." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Natur.380..689M
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| 1996, May 14 | Massive asteroid 1996 JA1 (H = 21.0 mag, D ≈ 200 m, PHA) discovered by Timothy B. Spahr on photographic plates at the University of Arizona. Ref: - T. Spahr, D.J. Tholen, M. Hicks, J. Collins, 1996, IAU Circ. 6402, "1996 JA1." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996IAUC.6402....1S - T.B. Spahr, C.W. Hergenrother, S.M. Larson, et al., 1997, Icarus, 129, 415, "The discovery and physical characteristics of 1996 JA1." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Icar..129..415S See also: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n23_v149/ai_18385352/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_B._Spahr
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| 1996, May 19 | Asteroid 1996 JA1 (H = 21.0 mag, D ≈ 200 m, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 1.18 LD. Minimum miss distance 1.18 LD. See: 1996 JA1- JPL , 1996 JA1 - SSA
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| 1996, Jul | N.W. Harris, M.E. Bailey, 1996, Irish Astronomical Journal, 1996, 23(2), 151, "The cometary component of the Near-Earth Object population." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996IrAJ...23..151H
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| 1996, Jul 8-12 | International conference on Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, VI, Versailles (France). Proc.: A.V. Levasseur-Regourd & M. Fulchignoni (eds.), Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1996, I: 1996, Planetary and Space Science, 45, No. 5; II: 1997, Planetary and Space Science, 45 No.7; III: 1997, Planetary and Space Science, 45, No.12; Planetary and Space Science, 46, No.8. See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997P%26SS...45.....L http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998P%26SS...46..835L
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| 1996, Jul 15-17 | International conference Tunguska '96, Bologna (Italy). See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=88
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| 1996, Jul 28 | T. Mallon, 8 July 1996, New York Times Magazine, "The asteroids are coming! The asteroids are coming!
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| 1996, Aug | W.F. Bottke, M.C. Nolan, H.J. Melosh, 1996, Icarus, 122, 406, "Origin of the Spacewatch small Earth-approaching asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Icar..122..406B
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| 1996, Aug 16 | R.P. Binzel, S.J. Bus, Th.H. Burbine, J.M. Sunshine, 1996, Science, 273, 946, "Spectral properties of Near-Earth Asteroids: evidence for sources of ordinary chondrite meteorites." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Sci...273..946B
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| 1996, Aug 16 | D.S. McKay, E.K. Gibson, K.L. Thomas-Keprta, et al., 1996, Science, 273, 924, "Search for past life on Mars: possible relic biogenic activity in Martian meteorite ALH84001." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Sci...273..924M See also:
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| 1996, Sep | P. Michel, C. Froeschle, P. Farinella, 1996, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 313, 993, "Dynamical evolution of two near-Earth asteroids to be explored by spacecraft: (433) Eros and (4660) Nereus." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996A%26A...313..993M
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| 1996, Sep 23-27 | 2nd International Conference on Space Protection of the Earth (SPE-96), Snezhinsk/Chelyabinsk (Russian Federation). See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=87
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| 1996, Oct | P.M. Sforza, J.L. Remo, 1996, Acta Astronautica, 39, 517, "Propulsion options for missions to near-Earth objects." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AcAau..39..517S
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| 1996, Oct | J.M. Urias, I.M. DeAngelis, D.A. Ahern, et al., 1996, paper presented to Air Force 2025, "Planetary Defense: catastrophic health insurance for planet Earth." See: http://csat.au.af.mil/2025/volume3/vol3ch16.pdf
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| 1996, Oct | Start of the OCA-DLR Asteroid Survey (O.D.A.S.), to search for asteroids and comets with emphasis on NEO's, operated from October 1996 to April 1999 by the Observatoire de Côte d'Azur (OCA, Nice, France) and the DLR – Institute of Planetary Research (Berlin-Adlershof, Germany), in the framework of the EUNEASO project. Five NEAs were discovered. See: http://earn.dlr.de/euneaso.htm
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| 1996, Oct 20 | The Japanese Spaceguard Association (JSGA) officially founded. Plans for the future involved two 1-m class ground-based NEO telescopes in Japan and a 30-cm NEO telescope on the Moon. A 1-m wide-field telescope for NEO detection became operational in 2002, and observes NEOs down to v = 20.5 since 2006. Ref: SGF Information Bulletin No. 1997/01, May 22, 1997, Item 7. See also: http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/reports/ac105/AC105_976E.pdf http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/reports/ac105/C1/AC105_C1_100E.pdf
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| 1996, Oct 21 | Space Shield Foundation established in Russia. See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=91
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| 1996, Nov | A.W. Harris, 1996, Mercury, 25, no.6, p.12, "Can we defend Earth against impacts by comets and small asteroids?" See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Mercu..25f..12H
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| 1996, Nov 12 | Founding of Spaceguard UK, set up to promote UK NEO activities. The UK Spaceguard Centre is located at Knighton (Powys, Wales, UK). See: http://www.spaceguarduk.com/ http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/reports/ac105/AC105_863Add1E.pdf
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| 1996, Nov 22 | Honduras bolide. Fireball over San Luis (Honduras). Estimated initial diameter D ≈ 2 m. No meteorites were recovered. Ref: - NN, 1997, Sky & Telescope, 93, 12, "A hit in Honduras?"; - J. Borovička, C.M. Pineda de Carías, A. Ocampo, et al., 1999, in: W.J. Baggaley & V. Porubcan (eds.), Meteoroids 1998, Proc. Int. Conf., Tatranska Lomnica (Slovakia), 17-21 August 1998 (Slovak Academy of Sciences: Astronomical Institute), "About a big fireball seen in Honduras." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999md98.conf..139B http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=69
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| 1996, Nov 30 | Asteroid 4179 Toutatis (1989 AC, H = 15.3 mag, D = 4.6×2.4×1.9 km, orbital P = 4.03 yr, PHA) passed Earth at 13.79 LD. It is the largest known PHA. See: 1989 AC - JPL , 4179 Toutatis - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4179_Toutatis 8 Dec 1992, 31 Oct 2000, 29 Sep 2004, 9 Nov 2008, 12 Dec 2012, 5 Nov 2069.
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| 1996, Dec | P.A. Bland, T.B. Smith, A.J.T. Jull, et al., 1996, Monthly Notices Royal Astronomical Society, 283, 551, "The flux of meteorites to the Earth over the last 50 000 years." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996MNRAS.283..551B
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| 1996, Dec | A. Tollman, 1996, Astronomie + Raumfahrt in Unterricht, 33 (6), 12, "Ein Komet – Ursache der Sintflut." See: http://www.fachportal-paedagogik.de/fis_bildung/suche/fis_set.html?FId=405749
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| 1997 | The survey project Lincoln NEA Research (LINEAR), a MIT Lincoln Laboratory program funded by the US Air Force and NASA, began operations with robotic telescopes and fast read-out CCD. Two LINEAR 1-m telescopes (White Sands Missile Range, Socorro, NM, USA) observe the sky five times per night. A third telescope is used for confirmation of NEO orbits, down to v = 20 mag. As of 31 December 2007, LINEAR had detected 2019 NEAs and 236 comets. Ref: - G.H. Stokes, J.B. Evans, H.E.M. Viggh, et al., 2000, Icarus, 148, 21, "Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR)." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Icar..148...21S - D.K. Yeomans, S.R. Chesley, P.W. Chodas, 2010, in: A.M. Finkelstein, W.F. Huebner & V.A. Shor (eds.), Proc. Intern. Conf. Asteroid-Comet Hazard 2009, Protecting the Earth against collisions with asteroids and comet nuclei, St. Petersburg (Russian Federation), 21-25 September 2009 (Saint Petersburg: Nauka), p. 244, "NASA's Near-Earth Object Program Office." See also: http://www.ll.mit.edu/mission/space/linear/ http://ftp://quasar.ipa.nw.ru/pub/ACHBOOK_2009/ach-2009_book.pdf
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| 1997 | Spanish Meteor and Fireball Network. Operations started in 2004 using high-resolution all-sky CCD camera's and video systems at stations (25 by 2010) located around the Mediterranean coast. Ref: - J.M. Trigo-Rodríguez, A.J. Castro-Tirado, J. Llorca, et al., 2004, Earth, Moon, and Planets, 95, 553, "The development of the Spanish Fireball Network using a new all-sky CCD system." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004EM%26P...95..553T - J.M. Trigo-Rodríguez, J. Llorca, A.J. Castro-Tirado, et al., 2006, Astronomy & Geophysics, 47, 6.26, "The Spanish fireball network." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A%26G....47f..26T http://www.spmn.uji.es/ENG/presentation.html http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-4004.2006.47626.x/pdf
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| 1997 | W. Alvarez, 1997, T. rex and the Crater of Doom (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press). See: http://press.princeton.edu/titles/6029.html http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997S%26T....94f..78A
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| 1997 | A. Boattini, A. Carusi, 1997, Vistas in Astronomy, 41, 527, "Atens: importance among Near-Earth Asteroids and search strategies." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997VA.....41..527B
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| 1997 | M.B. Gerrard, A.W. Barber, 1997, New York University Environmental Law Journal, 6, 1, "Asteroids and comets: U.S. and international law and the lowest-probability, highest consequence risk." See: http://www1.law.nyu.edu/journals/envtllaw/issues/vol6/1/6nyuelj4.html
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| 1997 | J.S. Lewis, 1997, Rain of iron and ice: the very real threat of comet and asteroid bombardment (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.). See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997S%26T....93a..64L
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| 1997 | D. Morrison, 1997, in: Y. Terzian & E. Bilson (eds.), Carl Sagan's Universe (Cambridge: CUP), p. 75, "Impacts and life: living in a risky planetary system." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997csu..book...75M
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| 1997, Jan | J.G. Hills, M.P. Goda, 1997, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 32, A60, "The largest mass of nickel-iron meteorites." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997M%26PSA..32R..60H
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| 1997, Jan | D.I. Steel, 1997, Irish Astronomical Journal, 1997, 24(1), 19, "Project Spaceguard: will humankind go the way of the dinosaurs?" See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997IrAJ...24...19S
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| 1997, Feb | O. Hernius, C.-I. Lagerkvist, M. Lindgren, G. Tancredi, G.V. Williams, 1997, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 318, 631, "UESAC - the Uppsala-ESO survey of asteroids and comets." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997A%26A...318..631H
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| 1997, Feb | O.B. Toon, K. Zahnle, D. Morrison, et al., 1997, Reviews of Geophysics, 35, 41, "Environmental perturbations caused by the impacts of asteroids and comets." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997RvGeo..35...41T http://www.agu.org/journals/ABS/1997/96RG03038.shtml
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| 1997, Feb 15 | Juancheng Superbolide, a fireball occurring over Shandong Province (China). The fireball was observed by IR detectors in Earth orbit. The meteoroid was thoroughly fragmented, yielding >1000 individual pieces of more than 100 kg in total. Initial meteoroid mass 4000 - 9000 kg, and 130 - 170 cm in diameter. Ref: - J.F. Wacker, A.R. Hildebrand, P. Brown, D. Crawford, M.B.E. Boslough, et al., 1998, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 33, A160, "The Juancheng and El Paso superbolides of February 15 and October 9, 1997: pre-atmospheric meteoroid sizes." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998M%26PSA..33..160W
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| 1997, Apr | W.F. Bottke, D.C. Richardson, S.G. Love, 1997, Icarus, 126, 470, "Can tidal disruption of asteroids make crater chains on the Earth and Moon?" See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Icar..126..470B
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| 1997, Apr 24 | J.S. Lewis, 1997, Rain of iron and ice: the very real threat of comet and asteroid bombardment (Helix Books). See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Lewis
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| 1997, Apr 25 | Asteroid 2017 SA20 (H = 28.2 mag, D ≈ 10 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 6.78 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.57 LD. See: 2017 SA20 - JPL , 2017 SA20 - SSA See also: 19 Apr 2024.
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| 1997, May | J.G. Hills, M.P. Goda, 1997, Planetary and Space Science, 45, 595, "Meteoroids captured into Earth orbit by grazing atmospheric encounters." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997P%26SS...45..595H
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| 1997, May | Near-Earth Objects: the United Nations International Conference, New York (NY, USA), 24-26 April 1995. Proceedings: (see May 1997) J.L. Remo (ed.), 1997, Proc. Near-Earth Objects: the United Nations International Conference, New York (NY, USA), 24-26 April 1995, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 822. See: http://neutrino.aquaphoenix.com/un-esa/neo.html Among the papers: - E.F Helin, S.H. Pravdo, D.L. Rabinowitz, K.J. Lawrence, 1997, p.6, "Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) Program." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997NYASA.822....6H - G. Hahn, S. Mottola, A. Erikson, 1997, p.27, "Meteoroid orbits: implications for Near-Earth Object search programs." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997NYASA.822...27S - D. Steel, 1997, p.31, "Meteoroid orbits: implications for Near-Earth Object search programs." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997NYASA.822...31S - B.G. Marsden, 1997, p.52, "Overview of orbits." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997NYASA.822...52M - Z. Ceplecha, C. Jacobs, C. Zaffery, 1997, p.145, "Correlation of ground- and space-based bolides." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997NYASA.822..145C - R.A.F. Grieve, 1997, p.319, "Target Earth: evidence for large-scale impact events." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997NYASA.822..319G - J.G. Hills, C.L. Mader, 1997, p.381, "Tsunami produced by the impacts of small asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997NYASA.822..381H - O.B. Toon, K. Zahnle, D. Morrison, et al., 1997, p.401, "Environmental perturbations caused by the impacts of asteroids and comets." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997NYASA.822..401T - G.H. Canavan, 1997, p.539, "Optimal detection of Near-Earth Object threats." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997NYASA.822..539C - R.P. Binzel, 1997, p.545, "A Near-Earth Object hazard index." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997NYASA.822..545B - T. Gehrels, 1997, p. 603, "A proposal to the United Nations regarding the international discovery programs of Near-Earth Asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997NYASA.822..603G - A. Carusi, 1997, p.606, "International efforts toward the Spaceguard System." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997NYASA.822..606C
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| 1997, May | P. Spurný, 1997, Planetary and Space Science, 45, 541, "Exceptional fireballs photographed in central Europe during the period 1993-1996." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997P%26SS...45..541S
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| 1997, May / June | D. Morrison, 1997, Skeptical Inquirer, Vol. 21.3, "Is the sky falling?" See: http://www.csicop.org/si/show/is_the_sky_falling
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| 1997, Jun | E. Pierazzo, A.M. Vickery, H.J. Melosh, 1997, Icarus, 127, 408, "A re-evaluation of impact melt production." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Icar..127..408P
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| 1997, Jun 7 | Inauguration of the 1.8 m Spacewatch Telescope on Kitt Peak (AZ, USA). See: http://spacewatch.lpl.arizona.edu/
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| 1997, Jun 27 | NASA spacecraft Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous – Shoemaker (NEAR – Shoemaker) flew within 1200 km by main-belt asteroid 253 Mathilde (1949 OL1, H = 10.4 mag, D = 66 × 48 × 46 km). See: 1949 OL1 - JPL , 253 Mathilde - SSA See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/253_Mathilde Ref: - A.F. Cheng, 1997, Space Science reviews, 82, 3, "Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous: mission overview." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997SSRv...82....3C - A.F. Cheng, A.G. Santo, K.J. Heeres, et al., 1997, Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, E10, p. 23695, "Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous: mission overview." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JGR...10223695C - D.K. Yeomans, J.-P. Barriot, D.W. Dunham, et al., 1997, Science, 278, 2106, "Estimating the mass of asteroid 253 Mathilde from tracking data during the NEAR flyby." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Sci...278.2106Y - E. Asphaug, 2004, in: M.J.S. Belton, et al. (eds.), Mitigation of Hazardous Comets and Asteroids (Cambridge: CUP), p. 66, "Interior structures for asteroids and cometary nuclei". See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004mhca.conf...66A See also: http://near.jhuapl.edu/media/NEAR_fact_sheet.pdf http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=NEAR http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/474202main_Cheng_ExploreNOW.pdf http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=near-ing-mathilde
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| 1997, Jul | Z. Ceplecha, R.E. McCrosky, 1997, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 32, A157, "Prairie Network fireballs: data on height, distance and brightness for each measured time-mark." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997M%26PSA..32..157C
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| 1997, Jul | R. Bottomley, R. Grieve, D. York, V. Masaitis, 1997, Nature, 388, 365, "The age of the Popigai impact event and its relation to events at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.388..365B
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| 1997, Jul | D.A. Kring, 1997, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 32, 517, "Air blast produced by the Meteor Crater impact event and a reconstruction of the affected environment." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997M%26PS...32..517K
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| 1997, Jul 11 | B.J. Gladman, F. Migliorini, A. Morbidelli, V. Zappala, P. Michelle, et al., 1997, Science, 277, 197, "Dynamical lifetimes of objects injected into asteroid belt resonances." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Sci...277..197G
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| 1997, Aug | B.G. Marsden, 1997, Planetary and Space Science, 45, 1049, "Obituary – Eugene M. Shoemaker (1928 – 1997)." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997P%26SS...45.1049M
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| 1997, Sep | J.S. Lewis, 1997, Mining the sky: untold riches from the asteroids, comets, and planets (New York: Perseus Publishing). See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Lewis
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| 1997, Sep | V. Zappalà, A. Cellino, M. di Martino, et al., 1997, Icarus, 129, 1, "Maria's family: physical structure and possible implications for the origin of giant NEAs." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Icar..129....1Z
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| 1997, Oct | H.J. Melosh, E.V. Ryan, 1997, Icarus, 129, 562, "Asteroids: shattered but not dispersed." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Icar..129..562M
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| 1997, Oct 9 | El Paso superbolide. A large fireball seen at daylight from Chihuahua (Mexico) moving north to detonate east of El Paso (TX, USA). Recorded by satellite systems, seismographs, infrasound arrays and numerous video and still photographers. The terminal disaggregation energy released corresponds to a body of ~2 m and total mass of M ≈ 15,000 kg. See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=80 Ref: - J.F. Wacker, A.R. Hildebrand, P. Brown, D. Crawford, M.B.E. Boslough, et al., 1998, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 33, A160, "The Juancheng and El Paso superbolides of February 15 and October 9, 1997: pre-atmospheric meteoroid sizes." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998M%26PSA..33..160W
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| 1997, Oct 20 | US Department of Defense Clementine II mission to test technologies for interception of asteroids has fallen victim to a line-item veto: US President Clinton deleted $30M in funding for Clementine II from the FY1998 budget. Clementine II was supposed to fly by asteroids 4179 Toutatis and 1986 JK in the year 2000 and possibly to deliver impact probes. See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=74
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| 1997, Nov 27 | J. Smit, 1997, Nature, 390, 340, "Extraterrestrial impacts: the big splash". Comments on Gersonde et al. (1997), see below. See: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v390/n6658/full/390340b0.html http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7158/full/449001b.html
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| 1997, Nov 27 | R. Gersonde, F.T. Kyte, U. Bleil, 1997, Nature, 390, 357, "Geological record and reconstruction of the late Pliocene impact of the Eltanin asteroid in the Southern Ocean." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.390..357G
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| 1997, Dec | C. de Jager, 2012, Zenit, 24, 520, "De dood van de dinosauriërs." See: http://www.dekoepel.nl/zenit/dooddinos.html
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| 1997, Dec | P. Pravec, M. Wolf, L. Sarounova, et al., 1997, Icarus, 130, 275, "The Near-Earth Objects follow-up program. II. Results for 8 asteroids from 1982 to 1996" See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Icar..130..275P
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| 1997, Dec | D.L. Rabinowitz, 1997, Icarus, 127, 33, "Are main-belt asteroids a sufficient source for the Earth-approaching asteroids?" See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Icar..127...33R
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| 1997, Dec | D.L. Rabinowitz, 1997, Icarus, 130, 287, "Are main-belt asteroids a sufficient source for the Earth-approaching asteroids?" See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Icar..130..287R
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| 1997, Dec | D.I. Steel, 1997, Planetary and Space Science, 45, 1501, "The ABC of ACM: asteroids, Buffon and comets." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997P%26SS...45.1501S
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| 1997, Dec 9 | Greenland Fireball and Airburst / Superbolide. Fireball seen at night 150 km south of Nuuk (Greenland), by ground- and satellite-based cameras. Estimated initial NEA mass M ≈ 36,000 kg. No meteorites were recovered. See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=80 http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/text/9712.greenland/9712.greenland.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meteor_air_bursts Ref: - H. Pedersen, R.E. Spalding, E. Tagliaferri, et al., 2001, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 36, 549, "Greenland superbolide event of 1997 December 9." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001M%26PS...36..549P
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| 1997, Dec 19 | E. Asphaug, 1997, Science, 278, 2070, "New views of asteroids." See: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/278/5346/2070.short http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Sci...278.2070A
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| 1998 | First asteroid discovered by Lowell Observatory NEO Search (LONEOS), initiated by E.L.G. Bowell. The 0.6m telescope project, funded by NASA, was terminated at the end of February 2008. LONEOS discovered 288 NEOs. See: http://www2.lowell.edu/users/elgb/loneos_disc.html http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/programs/loneos.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Observatory_Near-Earth-Object_Search
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| 1998 | T. Gehrels, 1998, Meteorite, 4, 18, "Detection of asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Met.....4Q..18G
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| 1998 | T. Gehrels, 1998, Meteorite, 4, 18, "Detection of asteroids, Part 2." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Met.....4R..18G
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| 1998 | J.G. Hills, M.P. Goda, 1998, Science of Tsunami Hazards, 16, 3, "Tsunami from asteroid and comet impacts: the vulnerability of Europe." See: http://library.lanl.gov/tsunami/00394718.pdf
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| 1998 | C.L. Mader, 1998, Science of Tsunami Hazards, 16, 11, "Asteroid tsunami inundation of Japan." See: http://library.lanl.gov/tsunami/00394718.pdf
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| 1998 | C.L. Mader, 1998, Science of Tsunami Hazards, 16, 17, "Modeling the Eltanin asteroid tsunami." See: http://library.lanl.gov/tsunami/00394718.pdf
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| 1998 | D.A. Crawford, C.L. Mader, 1998, Science of Tsunami Hazards, 16, 21, "Modeling asteroid impact and tsunami." See: http://library.lanl.gov/tsunami/00394718.pdf
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| 1998, Jan | J. Oberst, S. Molau, D. Heinlein, et al., 1998, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 33, 49, "The 'European Fireball Network': current status and future prospects." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998M%26PS...33...49O
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| 1998, Jan | D.F. Lupishko, M. di Martino, 1998, Planetary and Space Science, 46, 47, "Physical properties of near-Earth asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998P%26SS...46...47L
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| 1998, Jan | D.P. Rubincam, 1998, Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, E1, 1725, "Yarkovsky thermal drag on small asteroids and Mars-Earth delivery." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JGR...103.1725R
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| 1998, Feb | J.G. Hills, M.P. Goda, 1998, in: Proc. Intern. Workshop Tunguska 96, Planetary and Space Science, 46, 219, "Damage from the impacts of small asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998P%26SS...46..219H
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| 1998, Feb | A.W. Harris, 1998, Icarus, 131, 291, "A thermal model for Near-Earth Asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Icar..131..291H
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| 1998, Feb | A.W. Harris, 1998, in: Proc. Intern. Workshop Tunguska 96, Planetary and Space Science, 46, 283, "Evaluation of ground-based optical surveys for near-Earth asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998P%26SS...46..283H
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| 1998, Feb | A. Montanari, A. Campo Bagatin, P. Farinella, 1998, in: Proceedings International Workshop Tunguska 96, Planetary and Space Science, 46, 271, "Earth cratering record and impact energy flux in the last 150 Ma." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998P%26SS...46..271M
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| 1998, Feb | K. Muinonen, 1998, in: Proceedings International Workshop Tunguska 96, Planetary and Space Science, 46, 291, "Discovery and follow-up simulations for small Earth-crossing asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998P%26SS...46..291M
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| 1998, Feb-Mar | N.V. Vasilyev, 1998, Planetary and Space Science, 46, 129, "The Tunguska Meteorite problem today." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998P%26SS...46..129V
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| 1998, Feb 14 | Asteroid 1998 DK36 (H = 25.0 mag, D ≈ 42 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 4.41 LD. Minimum miss distance 0.38 LD. See: 1998 DK36 - JPL , 1998 DK36 - SSA See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_DK36
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| 1998, Mar 11 | B.G. Marsden, 1998, IAU Circular 6837, "1997 XF11." See: http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/06800/06837.html#Item2 http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/pressinfo/1997XF11.html IAU Circular 6837 contained the (later corrected) assertion of a possible impact on Earth by asteroid 35396 (1997 XF11, H = 16.8 mag, D ≈ 1860 m, PHA) on 26 Oct 2028. The ensuing debate on orbit determination, evaluation of impact risks and the dissemination of such results led to considerable activity. Improved analyses predicted an approach distance of 2.42 LD on 26 October 2028. See: 1997 XF11 - JPL , 35396 1997 XF11 - SSA See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(35396)_1997_XF1 Ref: - B.G. Marsden, 1998, Boston Sunday Globe, 29 March 1989, "How the asteroid story hit: an astronomer reveals how a discovery spun out of control." See: http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/pressinfo/1997XF11Globe.html - I. Semeniuk, 1998, Mercury, 27, No. 6, p. 12, "Armageddon? … Sorry, just Armakiddin!" See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Mercu..27f..12S - B.G. Marsden, 1999, AAS-DAA meeting #31, #07.02, "Asteroid 1997 XF11 could collide with earth." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999DDA....31.0702M - B.G. Marsden, 1999, Journal of the British Astronomical Association, 109, 39, "1997 XF11 - the true story." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JBAA..109...39M - B.G. Marsden, 1999, Journal British Interplanetary Society, 52 (5 - 6), 195, "A discourse on 1997 XF11." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JBIS...52..195M - D. Morrison, C.R. Chapman, D. Steel, R.P. Binzel, 2004, in: M.J.S. Belton, et al. (eds.), 2004, Mitigation of Hazardous Comets and Asteroids (Cambridge: CUP), p. 353, "Impacts and the public: communicating the nature of impact hazard." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004mhca.conf..353M - B.G. Marsden, 2007, in: P. Bobrowsky & H. Rickman (eds.), 2007, Comet/Asteroid Impacts and Human Society (Berlin: Springer), p. 505, "Impact risk communication management (1998 – 2004): Has it improved?" See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007caih.book.....B See also: http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iauc/06800/06837.html#Item2 http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=60 http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=63 http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1998/311/1 http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/13/us/man-in-the-news-a-cheery-herald-of-fear-brian-geoffrey-marsden.html http://discovermagazine.com/2000/oct/featblunders/ See also: 26 Oct 2028, 27 Oct 2095.
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| 1998, Mar 12 | J.G. Spray, S.P. Kelley, D.B. Rowley, 1998, Nature, 392, 171, "Evidence for a late Triassic multiple impact event on Earth." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.392..171S http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v392/n6672/abs/392171a0.html On the Manicouagan Crater, one of the oldest known impact craters, located in the Côte-Nord region of Québec, Canada, about 300 km north of the city of Baie-Comeau. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manicouagan_crater
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| 1998, Mar 29 | B.G. Marsden, 1998, Boston Sunday Globe, 29 March 1989, "How the asteroid story hit: an astronomer reveals how a discovery spun out of control." See: http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/pressinfo/1997XF11Globe.html
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| 1998, Apr | The Catalina Sky Survey came into operation, starting from the ashes of an old photographic project started by Spahr & Hergenrother (1993). The CSS consists of a consortium of three cooperating surveys, all funded by NASA: the original Catalina Sky Survey (CSS, 0.7-m telescope) in Arizona, the Siding Spring Survey (SSS, 0.5-m telescope) in Australia, and the Mt. Lemmon Survey (MLSS, 1.5-m telescope) in Arizona. As of 2009, CSS had discovered more than 2,142 NEOs down to v = 22 mag. Ref: - T.B. Spahr, C. Hergenrother, S.M. Larson, 1993, Bulletin American Astronomical Society, 25, 1059, "High ecliptic latitude asteroid and comet search." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993DPS....25.1013S - D.K. Yeomans, S.R. Chesley, P.W. Chodas, 2010, in: A.M. Finkelstein, W.F. Huebner & V.A. Shor (eds.), Proc. Intern. Conf. Asteroid-Comet Hazard 2009, Protecting the Earth against collisions with asteroids and comet nuclei, St. Petersburg (Russian Federation), 21-25 September 2009 (Saint Petersburg: Nauka), p. 244, "NASA's Near-Earth Object Program Office." - A.J. Drake, S.G. Djorgovski, A. Mahabal, et al., April 2012, in: R.E. Griffin, R.J. Hanisch, R.L. Seaman (eds.), New horizons in time-domain astronomy, Proceedings IAU Symposium No. 285 (Cambridge: CUP), 306, "The Catalina Real-time Transient Survey." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012IAUS..285..306D See also: http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/css/ http://uanews.org/node/23277 http://ftp://quasar.ipa.nw.ru/pub/ACHBOOK_2009/ach-2009_book.pdf http://www.space.com/14911-dangerous-asteroids-search-nasa-funding.html http://www.mso.anu.edu.au/~rmn/ http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528724.800-vital-eye-for-killer-asteroids-could-shut-imminently.html http://www.canberratimes.com.au/national/funding-black-hole-means-our-asteroid-sentinel-may-abandon-crucial-work-20120710-21ubf.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalina_Sky_Survey
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| 1998, Apr | P. Farinella, D. Vokroughlický, W.K. Hartmann, 1998, Icarus, 132, 378, "Meteorite delivery via Yarkovsky orbital drift." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Icar..132..378F
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| 1998, Apr 14 | Asteroid 99942 Apophis (2004 MN4, H = 19.7 mag, D = 310 ± 30 m, orbital P = 0.89 yr, PHA) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 9.49 LD. Minimum miss distance 9.49 LD. See: 2004 MN4 - JPL , 99942 Apophis - SSA See also: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Herschel_intercepts_asteroid_Apophis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99942_Apophis See also: 13 Apr 1907, 14 Apr 1949, 13 Apr 2029, 23 Mar 2036.
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| 1998, May | D.I. Steel, 1998, Planetary and Space Science, 46, 473, "Distributions and moments of asteroid and comet impact speeds upon the Earth and Mars." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998P%26SS...46..473S
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| 1998, May 21 | U.S. Congressional Hearing on NEOs and Planetary Defense. Statement by Carl Pilcher, Science Director, Solar System Exploration, Office of Space Science, NASA, announcing the Spaceguard Goal to the U.S. House Subcommittee on Space & Aeronautics, i.e., find and track 90% of NEOs with D > 1 km. See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/gov_asteroidperils_1.cfm http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/gov_asteroidperils_3.cfm
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| 1998, Jun | NASA Near Earth Orbit Program Office established at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena, CA, USA), to coordinate and provide a focal point for US studies of NEOs. See: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/programs_office.cfm
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| 1998, Jun | J. Borovička, O.P. Popova, I.V. Nemtchinov, P. Spurný, Z. Ceplecha, 1998, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 334, 713, "Bolides produced by impacts of large meteoroids into the Earth's atmosphere: comparison of theory with observations. I. Benešov bolide dynamics and fragmentation." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998A%26A...334..713B Benešov bolide was detected and observed at the Czech stations of the European Fireball Network on 7 May 1991, one of the brightest and best-documented bolides.
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| 1998, Jun | G.L. Verschuur, 1998, Sky & Telescope, 95(6), 26, "Impact hazards: truth and consequences." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998S%26T....95f..26V
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| 1998, Jun | P.A. Wiegert, K.A. Innanen, S. Mikkola, 1998, Astronomical Journal, 115, 2604, "The orbital evolution of Near-Earth Asteroid 3753." See: http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-3881/115/6/2604/fulltext/
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| 1998, Jun 4 | A.W. Harris, 1998, Nature, 393, 418, "Planetary science: making and braking asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.393..418H
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| 1998, Jun 4 | E. Asphaug, S.J. Ostro, R.S. Hudson, D.J. Scheeres, W. Benz, 1998, Nature, 393, 437, "Disruption of kilometre-sized asteroids by energetic collisions." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.393..437A
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| 1998, Jun 8 | Asteroid 1998 KY26 (H = 25.5 mag, D ≈ 30 m) passed Earth at a nominal miss distance of 2.10 LD. Minimum miss distance 2.10 LD. See: 1998 KY26 - JPL , 1998 KY26 - SSA See also" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_KY26 Ref: - S.J. Ostro, P. Pravec, L.A.M. Benner, et al. 1999, Science, 285, 557, "Radar and optical observations of asteroid 1998 KY26." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Sci...285..557O See also: http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap020919.html
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| 1998, Jul | F. Langenhorst, G. Shafranovsky, V.L. Masaitis, 1998, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 33, A90, "A comparative study of impact diamonds from the Popigai, Ries, Sudbury, and Lappajarvi Craters." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998M%26PSA..33R..90L
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| 1998, Jul | V. Zappalà, A. Cellino, B.J. Gladman, et al., 1998, Icarus, 134, 176, "Asteroid showers on Earth after family breakup events." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998M%26PSA..33R..90L
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| 1998, Jul 4 | The International Astronomical Union Executive Committee, at its 71st meeting in Paris, on the initiative of General Secretary Johannes Andersen, issued a policy statement, which made clear that the detection and observations of NEOs to determine their orbits "is an international responsibility that requires the efforts of and support for astronomers around the world." It also stated that the IAU "coordinates this activity through the IAU Working Group on Near Earth Objects (WG-NEO) and offers the services of the Minor Planet Center, the international clearing house and data disseminator for NEO observations and research." It was emphasized that this was not a scientific policy judgment, but a policy issue related to public safety. See: http://www.intastun.org/neo.html
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| 1998, Aug | S.J. Ostro, C. Sagan, 1998, Astronomy & Geophysics, 39, 22, "Cosmic collisions and galactic civilizations." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998A%26G....39d..22O
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| 1998, Aug | A.W. Harris, 1998, in: J. Andersen (ed.), Proc. IAU XXIII GA Joint Discussion Interactions between Planets and Small Bodies, in: Highlights in Astronomy, 11A, 257, "Searching for NEAs from Earth or space." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998HiA....11..257H
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| 1998, Aug | A.D. Taylor, W.G. Elford, 1998, in: J. Andersen (ed.), Proc. IAU XXIII GA Joint Discussion Interactions between Planets and Small Bodies, in: Highlights in Astronomy, 11A, 239, "Aspects of the terrestrial influx of small meteoroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998HiA....11..239T
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| 1998, Sep | Z. Ceplecha, J. Borovička, W.G. Elford, et al., 1998, Space Science Reviews, 84, 327, "Meteor phenomena and bodies." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998SSRv...84..327C
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| 1998, Sep | A. Morbidelli, B. Gladman, 1998, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 33, 999, "Orbital and temporal distributions of meteorites originating in the asteroid belt." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998M%26PS...33..999M
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| 1998, Sep 25 | R. Greenberg, 1998, Science, 281, 1971, "How asteroids come to Earth." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...281.1971G
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| 1998, Sep 25 | F. Migliorini, P. Michel, A. Morbidelli, et al., 1998, Science, 281, 2022, "Origin of multi-kilometer Earth- and Mars-crossing asteroids: a quantitative simulation." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...281.2022M
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| 1998, Oct 7 | C.R. Chapman, 1997, "History of the asteroid/comet impact hazard." See: http://www.boulder.swri.edu/clark/ncarhist.html
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| 1998, Nov | R.B. Stothers, 1998, Monthly Notices Royal Astronomical Society, 300, 1098, "Galactic disc dark matter, terrestrial impact cratering and the law of large numbers." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998MNRAS.300.1098S
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| 1998, Nov | J.C. Wynn, E.M. Shoemaker, 1998, Scientific American, 279 (5), 36, "The day the sands caught fire." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998SciAm.279e..36W http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/jwynn/1998SciAm-Wabar.pdf
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| 1998, Nov | Leonid meteor shower "Glowworm", seen over Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque (NM, USA). See: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap000428.html
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| 1998, Nov 1 | P. Pravec, M. Wolf, L. Šarounová, 1998, Icarus, 136, 124, "Lightcurves of 26 Near-Earth Asteroids." See: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Icar..136..124P
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| 1998, Nov 17 | Leonid Fireball over Monteromano (Italy). See: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap991112.html
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| 1998, Nov 17 | Leonid Fireball over Cape Canaveral (FL, USA). See: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap981120.html
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